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Intellectual Disorders (IDs) are characterized by
- Limitations in intellectual functioning.
- Limitations in adaptive functioning as expressed through conceptual, social, and practical skills.
- Origination and onset of symptoms during the developmental period, usually before the age of 18 years.
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Five interrelated dimensions contribute to an individual’s functioning ability
- Intellectual capability
- Adaptive behavior
- Participation, interactions, and social roles
- Health (physical health, mental health, etiology)
- Context (environment, culture)
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Intellectual capability includes _______ and is represented by ________
- reasoning, planning, solving problems, thinking abstractly, comprehending complex ideas, learning quickly, and learning from experience
- IQ scores
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IQ is determined by what formula
Mental Age (MA) divided by the Chronological Age (CA) X 100
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The mean IQ score is ____ with a standard deviation of ___. That means that a normal IQ ranges from ______.
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Sub-average intelligence is considered to be an IQ of
70
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Superior intelligence is considered an IQ of
130
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Adaptive behavior is a collection of ______. The three skills are _______
skills in three domains learned and applied in order to function in everyday life
- Conceptual skills (language, reading, self-direction).
- Social skills (responsibility, self-esteem, law abiding).
- Practical skills (daily living activities, occupational skills).
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The classification of intellectual disabilities are designated as ____, ______, _____ and ______.
mild, moderate, severe, and profound
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A category of Unspecified Mental Disability is used when
standard tests cannot be performed because of lack of cooperation, severe impairment, or infancy
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Mild Intellectual Disability is an IQ score of ____ and characteristics of a child are ______
50 to 69 (an adult has the mental age of a 9 to 12 year old)
- In special education classes.
- Child can advance to a level between third to sixth grade.Practical skills can be learned
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What are some adaptive behaviors of an adult with Mild Intellectual Disability
- Individual cares for own personal hygiene and other necessities, with support.
- Communication is good; attention span and memory are less than average.
- Activities that do not require complicated planning or rapid implementation can be carried out satisfactorily.
- Most individuals can engage in semi-skilled or simple skilled work with guidance, and so maintain themselves
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Moderate Intellectual Disability is an IQ score of ______ and adaptive behavior of a child is
35 to 49 (an adult has a mental age of a 6 to 9 year old).
- A marked developmental lag occurs in the early years; child can be trained in personal care and hygiene with support.
- Learns simple habits and skills; may not learn to read and write.
- Speaks in short sentences; understands best when single-thought, short sentences are used.
- Participates well in group activities
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What are some adaptive behaviors of an adult with Moderate Intellectual Disability
- Attends to personal care, with support.
- Has relatively short attention span and memory.
- May have problems of coordination, but performs simple tasks and is conscientious about taking responsibility for errands and helpful duties.
- Not completely capable of self-maintenance; many do unskilled work with supervision and support
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Severe Intellectual Disability is an IQ score of _____ and the adaptive behavior of a child is
20 to 34 (Adult has the mental age of a 3 to 6 year old).
- Benefits from habit training.
- May make attempts at personal care and dressing with support.
- Usually walks, uses some speech, and responds to directions
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Adaptive behaviors of an adult with Severe Intellectual Disability are
- Conforms to daily routine.
- May help with household and other small tasks in spite of limited attention span.
- Likely to need continuous support
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Profound Intellectual Disability is an IQ score of _____ and the adaptive behavior of a child is
under 20 (equivalent mental age of an average 3 year old).
- Delays occur in all phases of development.
- Close supervision and care are necessary
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Adaptive behaviors of an adult with Profound Intellectual Disability are
- Many adults remain inert and placid throughout early years; never learn to sit up.
- Results in severe limitation in self-care, continence, communication, and mobility
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What percentage of the population accounts for Mild, Moderate, Severe and Profound ID
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What are the four domains and three time categories of risk factors for ID
- biomedical, social, behavioral, and educational
- occurring before birth (Prenatal), during birth (Perinatal), and after birth (Postnatal).
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The etiology of Down Syndrome is a
chromosomal abnormality (the presence of three #21 chromosomes, rather than two).
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What are some oral findings of people with Down Syndrome
- Most often a person with Down syndrome holds their mouth open with the tongue protruded.
- Lips are often thickened, cracked, and dry, a result of excessive bathing in saliva while the mouth is open.
- Mouth breathing is common
- The tongue is generally deeply fissured.
- Palate may be narrow and vaulted.
- An underdeveloped maxilla with a short, narrow palate tend to force the tongue into protrusion and make it appear larger than it actually may be
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What type of occlusion is common in patients with Down Syndrome
Class III occlusion and posterior crossbite
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The altered immune system is often related to a decreased _______ which results in a ________.
- Leukocyte function
- decreased ability to fight infection
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_________ is the most common & serious medical condition. The high mortality rate is also related to _________.
- Congenital Heart Disease
- respiratory infections & leukemia
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Many adults over the age of 40 develop an
Alzheimer’s-like dementia with pathologic brain changes similar to those of Alzheimer’s disease
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In older persons with Down syndrome, as many as 50% have _______, with ________ being the most common.
- thyroid disorders
- hypothyroidism
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Hearing impairments, either unilateral or bilateral, are present in _____% of persons with Down Syndrome.
40% to 75
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Fragile X syndrome, also known as _______, is a genetic disorder that is the ________.
- Martin-Bell syndrome
- most common form of inherited intellectual disability
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Describe Level 1 of Autism Spectrum Disorders
- Some difficulty initiating social interactions; atypical response to social overtures from others.
- Inflexible behavior; difficulty switching between activities.
- Problems with organization and planning
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Describe Level 2 of Autism Spectrum Disorders
- Requires Substantial Support
- Limited initiation of social interactions; reduced response to overtures from others.
- Deficits in nonverbal communication/behaviors.
- Inflexible, difficulty in switching between activities.
- Difficulty changing focus or action
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Describe Level 3 of Autism Spectrum Disorders
- Requires Very Substantial Support
- Severe verbal and nonverbal communication deficits.
- Initiates social interactions only to meet immediate needs.
- Limited intelligible speech.
- Inflexible behavior, extreme difficulty coping with change or changing focus.
- Repetitive behaviors markedly interferes with functioning.
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The CDC estimates ______ children has been identified with autism spectrum disorder. It is almost five times greater in _____ than ______
- 1 in 68
- males than in females
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The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-V) uses the terms PDD (Pervasive Development Disorder) or ASD (Autism Spectrum Disorder) to describe what five variations of autistic behavior
- Autistic Disorder
- Asperger’s Disorder
- Childhood Disintegrative Disorder (CDD)
- Rett’s Disorder
- Pervasive Development Disorder - Not Otherwise Specified (PDD-NOS)
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Autistic Disorder is characterized by _______ and symptoms are usually measurable by
Impairments in verbal and nonverbal communication and social (aka: classic autism) interaction, and restrictive or repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, and activities
18 months of age; formal diagnosis is usually made between ages 2 and 3, when delays in language development are apparent
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Asperger Disorder is three to four times more likely in _____. Characterized by
- boys
- impairments in social interactions and restricted interests and activities, without clinically significant delays in language, cognitive ability, or developmental age-appropriate skills
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Rett Disorder is an ______, which occurs only in ____, causing the development of _______ after a period of seemingly normal development. The Purposeful use of hands is years.
- autism-like genetic disorder
- girls
- autism-like symptoms
- lost and replaced by repetitive hand movements beginning between ages 1-4
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Pervasive Developmental Disorder, not Otherwise Specified (PDD-NOS)is a
Severe and pervasive impairment in specified behaviors, without meeting all of the criteria for a specific diagnosis (aka: atypical autism).
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Childhood Disintegrative Disorder is a
Rare autism-like disorder characterized by normal development for at least the first 2 years, followed by a significant loss of previously acquired skills
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Most commonly prescribed medications for ASD
- Risperidone, an atypical antipsychotic medication, has recently been shown to be effective
- Opiate blockers
- Antidepressants
- Stimulants (such as methylphenidate/Ritalin)
- Tranquilizers
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