What are also beta-lactam antibiotics that operate in a manner related to that of penicillins but tend to be more resistant than penicillins to inactivation by beta-lactamases
Cephalosporins
Where are beta-lactamases found? (2)
Plasmids
lateral gene transfer (resistance factors)
tetracyclines binds to what and inhibits what?
binds to the 30S subunit of the bacterial ribosome, inhibiting protein synthesis
tetracyclines are known as ______
bacteriostatic
Aminoglycosides are bacterial antibiotics that include (4):
streptomycin, kanamycin, gentamicin, neomycin
How do aminoglycosides work?
By inhibiting bacterial protien synthesis
_____ are bacteriostatic antibiotics that inhibit bacterial protein synthesis (translation). Erythromycin belongs to this class
Macrolides
bacteriocidal antibiotics, whose mechanism is the inhibition of topoisomerase II, a DNA gyrase
Fluoroquinolones
sometimes just called quinolones
beta-lactam antibiotics that are relative resistant to hydrolysis of beta-lactamases and are often used as antibiotics of last resort
Carbapenems
A tricyclic glycopeptide which is used against multi-drug resistant organisms and its mechanism is the inhibition of bacterial synthesis of cell wall phospholipids and the inhibition of peptidoglycan polymerization
Vancomycin
Mechanism of antibiotic action include (4)
Inhibition of RNA synthesis
Inhibition of folate metabolism
inhibition mycelia acid synthesis (has to do with TB germ)
Alteration of cytoplasmic membrane (inner membrane)
Resistance to antibiotics can be acquired by two major mechanisms:
lateral gene transfer
mutations via vertical gene transfer
Mechanisms of drug resistance can be classified into 5 main categories:
Inactivation of drug by bacterial enzyme
Over-production of drug target (bacteria overproduces itself)
Altered permeability to drug (membrane and cell wall)
Metabolic bypass of target pathway (pathway that is affected)
Alteration in target protein (change it so it is no longer able to stand out as a target)