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The term health-related states (or health-related events) means
anything that affects the well-being of a population
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Where dentists and dental hygienists collect information on individual patients by conducting an examination, epidemiologists collect information through
surveying the population
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The epidemiologist uses data to identify a
community health problem
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Mapping is a tool to
identify trends and patterns
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Fluoride in drinking water was _______ related to dental caries experience.
inversely
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What is an Endemic
The constant presence of a disease or infectious agent within a given geographic area or population group
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What is an Epidemic
The occurrence of more cases of disease than expected in a given area or among a specific group of people over a particular period of time
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What is a Pandemic
An epidemic occurring worldwide, or over a very wide area, crossing international boundaries and usually affecting a large number of people
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What is a Cluster
Grouping of health-related events that are related in time and in proximity
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The concept that more than one factor must be present for disease to develop is referred to as
multiple causation (or multifactorial).
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Most outcomes in epidemiologic studies are caused by a chain or ________ consisting of many component causes
web of events
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Disease takes place when an __________ capable of causing the disease meets a ______ that is vulnerable to the agent in an _________
- outside agent (pathogen)
- host
- environment
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The agent, host, and environment comprise what is referred to as the
epidemiologic triangle (or epidemiologic triad)
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The _______ is the entity that is associated with the disease
- agent
- Ex. bacteria, fungi, virus
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The _______ consists of the conditions that are not part of either the agent or the host, but that ________.
- environment
- influence their interaction
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In the center of the epidemiologic triangle is
time
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Common frequency measures are
counts, proportions, ratios, and rates
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A count is the
number of individuals who meet the case definition (e.g. have the disease being evaluated).
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The number of cases in each city needs to divided by the total population resulting in the
proportion
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The proportion of the population that has a disease at a particular time is known as the ________ of the disease
prevalence
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Incidence is a measure of the occurrence of ________ of disease during a span of time
new cases
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A rate is the ________ where _____ is included in the denominator
- division of two numbers
- time
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Indices allow for the measurement of _________, rather than just disease frequency (occurrence)
disease severity
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In general, a study is either
experimental or observational
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Observational studies can be subdivided into
descriptive and analytical.
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In descriptive epidemiology the researcher identifies the _________ an event occurred. Once the researcher knows the answers to those questions they may want to use analytical epidemiology to determine ________ the event occurred
- “who”, “where”, and “when”
- “how” and “why”
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The three main observational studies are
cross-sectional, cohort, and case-control
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Cross-sectional Study is also known as a _______. A cross-sectional study is a _______ study because it does not analysis the information
- prevalence study
- descriptive
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Studies that observe data over time are known as
longitudinal studies
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Two primary types of observational longitudinal studies are ________ and _______
case-control and cohort
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That means cross-sectional studies determine _______ and case-control and cohort studies determine ________
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Case-control Study divides a population into persons _________ and _________
who have a disease (cases) and persons who do not have the disease (controls)
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In this type of study the researcher is studying the ______ of something in relation to disease either in the past or the future.
effect
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Participants should be ________ at the start of a prospective cohort study.
free of disease
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The difference between the two is in a case-control study the researcher divides individuals by _______whereas in a retrospective cohort study, the investigator divides individuals by their _________.
- disease status (those that have the disease and those who do not have the disease)
- exposure status (those that smoke and those that do not smoke
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Sensitivity is the probability a test
will pick up the presence of a disease in a person who has it
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Specificity is the probability the test
accurately detects a person that does not have the disease when they are disease free
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True positive
Sick people correctly diagnosed as sick
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False positive
Healthy people incorrectly identified as sick
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True negative
Healthy people correctly identified as healthy
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False negative
Sick people incorrectly identified as healthy
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