Music Exam 2

• Similar to Indian music where the song starts off free (solo) and then moves to composed (the whole group comes in- very heterophonic)
• Taqsim: free improvised section

• Hindustani is in the north
• -more Islamic and played in palaces
• -uses the sitar, sarod, sarangi, tabla, bassier flute
• Karnatak is south
• -more Hindu and played in temples
• -uses a higher pitched flute, mridangam, violin, veena

• They adopted western instruments i.e violin, harmonium, (slide) guitar, saxophone, clarinet
• Collaborated with western musicians
• There is influence on pop and jazz

• Javanese is more mellow (islamic is more reserved) in courts
• -loud Javanese style for outdoor performances
• -calm meditative and reserved
• Balinese is played with loud rattley instruments (hindu) in temples
• -more dancing and outdoor performances
• -music is very sporadic

• As more instruments get added, the music gets louder.
• It also gets louder as the piece gets faaster

• There is an attempt to write it down
• Some type of theory
• Some type of instruction of the proper way to play it
• Tend to be funded

• Musiqi is the art of music and the art of sound
• Khandan is the chanting of religious text, usually unaccompanied with sound

• Maqam (arabic) vs. Raga (indian)
• -Maqam- melodic organization; a scale where you develop the lower part of the center and then move up
• -Raga- scales in which notes have to be played in a certain order
• 1/4 tone intervals in Arabic vs. bends and slides in Indian
• -There are notes in between notes in Arabic music whereas Indian music hits every note in between

• Slendro is a 5 note scale
• Pelog is a 7 note scale

• The biggest gong plays once every cycle
• The next biggest plays more frequently
• As the gong gets smaller/higher pitched it gets played more often

• Melodic organization; a scale, there is a progression (a general idea of how to move around the tonal center)
• Develop the lower part of the center and then move up
• The essential units of maqam are groups (tonal spaces) of four or five pitches

The improvised (general instrumental) realization of a maqam

They sing and dance from the Quar'an

• Ud is a lute which is similar to a guitar
• Bazuk is also similar but it has a deeper sound, you can also hear the pick sound
• Arabic Instrument

• Flute
• Arabic instrument

• Zither
• Arabic Music

• Drum
• Arabic music

• Very old type of Indian dancing
• Staged with costume and make up
• Lots of hand movements and facial gestures

• Art of singing, playing instruments and dancing
• Gita: singing

• Ruled from 1526- (1707)- 1818
• From the Monguls
• Built big palaces which is also why the north is more islamic

• Guru is the teacher
• Shishya is the student
• The student gets adopted by the teacher and they commit to be a professional musician when they do this

• The clock (time and key signature) in Indian music
• Doesn't start until the drums come in

• Scales in Indian music that you have to play in a certain order/
• They can be played for different situations like making it rain

• Qualities in the music- different bhavas invoke different feelings
• State of mind
• Way of feeling
• Inherent in the music

• Receiving of the bhava
• -Relationship between the audience and musician
• -Responce in the listener

• The time cycle in Indian music
• Like 12 o'clock

• Bols is Hindustani and Solkattu is Karnatak
• These are drum syllables
• Its like sol fez for drums, you learn the syllables before you learn the drum
• Petagogy: the teaching style

• Alap + Alapana
• -Improvised; free rhythm and they are starting to get into the raga
• Jor + Tanam
• -There is a pulse but no meter; more rhythmic, but they still haven't started counting
• Gat + Pallavi
• -Percussion enters; composed part of the song

• K (south)
• Originally poetry in southern tradition turned into songs
• It would go straight from alapana to kriti
• Textual basis

• H (north)
• The climax of the song
• More rhythmic and high

• Sitar is from the north and they bend the strings and notes
• -It sounds banjo-ey and has a lot of extra notes
• Veena is from the south; has a pure tone and gourd resonators

• North
• Looks like an airplane wing and is played by sliding rather than bending

South

• North
• Little violin that is played in front with a bow

• North flute is bassier
• Southern flute is higher pitched and typically the melody

• Tabla is from the north. It is two drums that are played with fingers on top
• Mridangam is from the south and it has two heads on the sides

• Gongs
• Hanging and Horizontally suspended

Is like a xylophone

One string fiddle (same in Arab culture)

Drums in gamelan

The name for the main melody in Indonesia. More of a structural thing (it is what all the musicians are following)

• Hit this every time you start a new cycle
• The bigger the gong is the less you play it

Wooden xylophone

Flute

• Time cycle in Indonesian music
• It's a repeating pattern like a measure that gets repeated over and over again
• Its like the tala in Indian music