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Meningiomas
Tumors between meninges. (Encapsulated/benign)
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Metastases
Cancer cells coming from other organs
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Cerebrovascular Disorders (stroke)-
Excessive release of glutamate bc of excess Na+ and Ca++
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Cerebral Hemorrhage
Ruptured Aneurysm
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Cerebral Ischemia
Clogged blood vessel
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Excitotoxicity
Hippocampus susceptible (NMDAR rich area)
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Contrecoup Injury
blow that causes brain to strike skull (brain damage opposite to blow)
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Contusion-
- damage to cerebral
- circulatory system
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Concussion-
Disturbance of consciousness (but no contusion)
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CNS Infections/Encephalitis
- Bacterial/Viral
- Brain inflamation
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Syphilis (bacterial)
- - produces insanity/dementia = general
- paresis
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Meningitis (bacterial)
Meningitis- inflammation of meninges
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Viral Infections
- -Meningitis
- -Rabies- affinity for neural system
- -Herpes- no affinity for neural system
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Neurotoxins
- -Early antipsychotic drugs caused tardive
- dyskinesia
- -Some neurotoxins are endogenous- antibodies
- attack neural tissue
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Down Syndrome
Extra Chromosome 21
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Huntingtons
- Disease of extrapyramidal system
- Less common than Parkinson
- Uncontrolled rapid movement/severe dementia·
- Clear Genetic cause/ no treatment
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Parkinsons
- Disease of extrapyramidal system
- .5% population affected
- -problems initiating voluntary movement. Tremors. No Dementia
- -Genetic factors/ No cure but dopamine treatment
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Alzheimers
- -affect entorhinal cortex, amygdala, hippocampus
- -Amyloid plaques (scar tissue from degenerating neurons) on outside neurons
- -Neurofibrillary Tangles (protein tangles) oninside neurons in cytoplasm
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MS
- - Attacks myelin in CNS/ leaves hard scar tissue
- -Visual, muscle, tremor, motor coordination
- problem
- -Autoimmune disorder
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Epilepsy
- Primary symptom= seizures, not all seizures = epilepsy
- Diagnosed by EEG/ can be hard to diagnose
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Epileptic Aura
- -Preceding signal/smell or feeling
- -Seizure warning-Epileptic Focus- can suggest prob area
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Partial Epilepsy
Does not involve whole brain.
-Simple-Sensory or motor- spreads as epileptic discharge spreads
- -Complex-Temporal lobes- Compulsive repetitive simple behavior/ or complex without
- memory of them
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Generalized Epilepsy
Entire Brain
-Grand mal- Loss of consciousness/equilibrium. Tonic clonic (tremors)
-Petit mal- Absense seizures- disruption of consciousness
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Anterograde Degeneration-
synapse after cut dies
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Retrograde Degeneration-
Cell before cut dies
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Oligodendrocytes-
myelinate CNS/ do not promote regeneration
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Schwann-
myelinate PNS/promote regeneration
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Blocking Apoptosis
- -Apoptosis inhibitor protein
- -Nerve growth factor
- -Estrogens- limit/delay neuron death
- -P2X7R antagonist Brilliant blue G (BBG)
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