Flash_Cards_Cytoskeleton.csv

provide tensile and mechanical strength

cell organization and division

movement

molecular motors required for muscle contractions and other functions

molecular motors associated with microtubules - move cargo toward the plus end

molecular motors associated with microtubules - usually move cargo toward the minus end

cytoplasmic intermediate filaments - epithelial

cytoplasmic intermediate filaments - in connective tissue and muscle and neuroglia

cytoplasmic intermediate filaments - in nerve cells

nuclear intermediate filaments - in all nucleated cells

two conserved alpha-helical monomers form a coiled-coil dimer; two dimers form a staggered tetramer; eight tetramers twist into a ropelike filament; globular heads vary in shape and size

hollow cylinders made of the protein tubulin - a dimer formed from alpha and beta tubulin associated with 2 GTP; grow from centrally located centrosome in cytoplasm of cell

two-stranded helical polymers of the protein actin; have structurally unique plus and minus ends

monomer sequestering proteins; nucleating proteins; bundling proteins; motor proteins; side-binding proteins; capping proteins; severing proteins; cross-linking proteins

interact with actin monomers to prevent them from assembling

interact with actin to facilitate the addition of subunits at the plus end

bundle actin filaments to make larger and stiffer structures

myosins - interact with actin to produce movement

selectively stabilize actin filaments

prevent further addition of subunits at the plus or minus end of actin filaments

fragment actin filaments to increase fluidity

hold actin filaments together in a gel-like meshwork within the cell cortex

occurs as myosin head pivots; causes motion of actin filament

ATP binding causes myosin head dissociation; ATP is hydrolyzed to ADP and phosphate; power stroke due to conformational change of the myosin head is triggered by the release of phosphate

involves polarized assembly of actin based machinery; localized cell adhesion; actin-based membrane protrusion at the leading edge to produce lamellipodium; actin-myosin interaction at the tail

bind to free tubulin and prevent their polymerization into microtubules; stalls cell in mitosis

bind to microtubules to prevent them from losing subunits; stalls cell in mitosis

plus ends of microtubules are distal to the cell body

polarity of microtubules is mixed

a protein dimer composed of alpha and beta tubulin

strands of tubulin dimers

GTP bound to subunits of tubulin

the microtubule organizing center; typically located close to the cell nucleus

structures found in the centrosome; made up of a cylindrical array of short microtubules

the process of alternating microtubule growth and shrinkage

microtubule-associated proteins; regulate microtubule assembly and stability

nucleation sites for microtubule growth; ring-shaped

a signaling structure found in every differentiated cell

motility; sensory

a microtubule-based cytoskeletal structure found inside cilia

a specialized centriole; anchors cilia

extends from the plasma membrane

the stage in mitosis during which chromatids separate; kinetochore mucrotubules shorten by depolymerization

the stage in mitosis during which the spindle poles move apart; kinesins and dyneins act on overlapping microtubules and astral microtubules

the paired protein structure to which centrosomes attach; responsible for spindle assembly and regulation of microtubule dynamics and separation of chromosomes

overlap in the center of the cell; involved in anaphase B; push spindle poles apart

radiate outward from centrosomes; involved in anaphase B

"a constant slow flux of microtubules in the spindle; ""treadmilling"""

ATP motor protein driven? Microtubule disassembly driven?

cell-cell spot adhesions formed by interactions between cadherins and intermediate filaments

cell-extracellular matrix spot adhesions formed by interactions between integrins and intermediate filaments

myosin moves toward the plus end of actin filaments

head and neck and tail regions; head region = motor domain

dynein-driven microtubule sliding