APLEC Vocab

an indirect reference, often to another text or an historic event

the repetition words at the end of a clause to start another one

an extended comparison between two seemingly dissimilar things

the repition of words at the beginning of successive clauses

a short account of an interesting event

the noun to which a later pronoun refers

the repetition of words in an inverted order to sharpen contrast

the use of parallel structures to highlight contrast or opposition

a short, astute statement of general truth or life

when the writer breaks off and directs speech towards a dead, imaginary, absent person, or personified abstraction

leaving out conjunctions between words, phrases, or clauses

verbs that tell when someone else's information or ideas are being used

an exaggerated description that distorts physical characteristics for comic effect

an informal or conversational use of language (slang)

an elaborate expression as an extended metaphor or far-fetched analogy between two seemingly dissimilar objects

that which is implied by a word, as opposed to the word's literal meaning

using a general case to find a specific case

the literal meaning of a word

to leave out one or more words that must be supplied by the reader or listener

the repetition of words at the end of successive clauses

a less offensive or politically correct phrase used to replace an offensive one

exaggeration for the purpose of emphasis

when a question is asked them immediately answered by the same person

using a specific case to find a general one

abusive language placing the blame on someone

a contradiction between what is said and what is meant

placement of two things side by side for emphasis or comparison

when the argument is proven by negating the opposite

the main clause followed by subordinate phrases

use of an aspect of something to represent a whole

a statement that seems contradictory but is actually true

a piece that imitates and exaggerates the prominent freatures of another; used for comic effect or ridicule

a sentence that buildes towards and ends with the main clause

the speaker, voice, or character assumed by the author of a piece of writing

the deliberate use of a series of conjunctions

an ironic, sarcastice, or witty composition that claims to argue from something, but actually aruges against it

• two parts of a syllogism (a form deductive reasoning). The major premise provides the predicate and the minor premise provides the subject
• Major premise: All mamals are warm-blooded.
• Minor presmise: all horses are mammals.
• Conclusion: All horses are warm-blooded.

a play on words with the same sound but different meaning

a pattern of words or sentence construction used for rhetorical effect

when a whole is referred to by a specific part of it

sentence structure

the speaker's attitude toward the subject or audience

lack of emphasis in a statement or proint; restaint in language often used for ironic effect

a construction in which on word (usually a verb) modifies or governs -- often in different, sometimes in-congruent ways -- two or more words in a sentence

an error in reasoning that renders an argument invalid

an argument based of the flaws of the adversary instead of the merits of the case

making the audience feel sorry for the cause in order to accept the conclusion

the use of the people's emotions and prejudices to get the audience to accept the conclusion

when an argument is said to be correct because it is older or has always been done that way

when peer pressure is substituted for actual evidence

tautology - when the arguer asks the audience to accept the arguement without any real evidence

when a key word in an argument is used with more than one meaning

when the audience is given a limited number of options when they actually have more to choose from

when a person rejects a claim because they dislike the people that accept it

a conclusion on a population based off of a small group

an argument that just doesn't follow

when the arguer leaves out certain facts and multiple facts are reduced to a few

when it is proposed that one event cuased another just because it came first

when the aruger dodges to real issue by bringing attentino to an irrelevant issue

when the arguer claims that even one bad event will lead to a chain reaction with a disastrous result that can't be stopped