-
Cancer is the _____ most common cause of death in the United States with _________ deaths a year
-
THE FIVE-YEAR SURVIVAL RATE FOR THOSE WITH LOCALIZED DISEASE IS __% COMPARED WITH ONLY __% FOR CANCER WHICH HAS METASTASIZED
-
What are some risk factors for oral cancer
- AGE
- SEX – men 2:1 ratio
- SMOKING
- DRINKING
- HPV 16, 18 - Human Papilloma Virus
- ARECA NUTS
-
The most common sexually transmitted disease
HPV 16 VIRUS
-
HPV 16 VIRUS cause about ____% of cervical cancers. ______% of oral cancers are HPV positive. Age groups are ____ year olds. Twice as common in ______. Key locations for oral cancers are __________
- 70
- 60-80
- 30-40
- males
- Tonsillar area and Oropharynx
-
NEOPLASIA means ______ and refers to a process which really describes _________.
- new growth
- uncontrolled proliferation
-
NEOPLASM is an
abnormal mass of cells produced by this uncontrolled growth
-
TUMOR means _______ and the study of tumors refers to _______.
-
In order for neoplasia to occur, there has to be an _________ change in a cell which is then passed on to new cells.
irreversible genetic
-
Cells in neoplasms are
not normal
-
Benign tumor or neoplasm is a localized tumor. It may be encapsulated, which means it is _________. It can _______, but it cannot __________
- walled off by surrounding fibrous connective tissue
- invade adjacent tissues (by getting larger)
- spread to distant sites
-
Malignant tumors
invades other tissues and destroys surrounding tissue and can spread throughout the body (METASTATIC). Also known as CANCER OR MALIGNANCY
-
–Resembling normal = __________
–Not resembling normal = ___________
–Varying shapes of cells = ___________
- well differentiated
- undifferentiated
- PLEOMORPHIC
-
What are some characteristics of Benign tumors
- USUALLY WELL DIFFERENTIATED
- USUALLY SLOW GROWING
- MITOTIC FIGURES ARE RARE
- USUALLY ENCAPSULATED
- NO METASTASIS
-
What are some characteristics of Malignant tumors
- UNDIFFERENTIATED
- SLOW TO RAPID GROWTH
- NUMEROUS MITOTIC FIGURES
- INVASIVE
- METASTATIC
-
Malignant Tumors
EPITHELIUM = _________
CONNECTIVE TISSUE = _________
ENDOTHELIUM = ________
MUSCLE = _________
- CARCINOMA
- SARCOMA
- ANGIOSARCOMA
- MYOSARCOMA
-
What are three types of epithelium tumors
- SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM
- BASAL CELLS
- SALIVARY GLAND
-
What is the clinical and histological appearance of a Papilloma
- benign tumor that looks like a cauliflower and may be white or normal color depending on amount of keratinization
- consists of finger-like projections of squamous epithelium with a core of connective tissue
-
What is the treatment for a papilloma
- Surgical removal which has to include the base of the lesion
- With adequate surgery, they don’t recur
-
Leukoplakia is a _______ that refers to a _________ and cannot be ________
- clinical term
- white plaque-like lesion that cannot be rubbed off
- diagnosed as a specific disease
-
-
Studies have shown that leukoplakia in the _________ are more likely to be premalignant or cancerous.
floor of the mouth or the side or underside of the tongue
-
Histologically leukoplakia may show
dysplasia (premalignant) or even squamous cell carcinoma
-
Erythroplakia is a clinical term used to describe
an oral mucosal lesion that appears as a smooth red patch or a granular red and velvety patch.
-
“Speckled” leukoplakia contains _______ areas
both red and white
-
What are some characteristics of epithelial dysplasia
- –Mitotic figures
- –Large dark nuclei
- –Cells are jumbled
-
CARCINOMA-IN-SITU is a ________ and usually associated with _________
- Common mucosal lesion appearing as a white and/or red patch or a soft ulcer
- tobacco or alcohol use
-
-
What is the most common primary malignancy of the oral cavity
SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA
-
SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA clinically appears as
an exophytic ulcerative mass, but early tumors may be erythroplakia, leukoplakia or speckled leukoplakia.
-
The clinical main feature of Squamous cell carcinoma
invasion of tumor cells through the basement membrane and into the underlying connective tissue
-
Microscopically In a well-differentiated SCC, you would be able to recognize
keratin production
-
What are keratin pearls
keratin within cells in a tumor
-
ORAL SCC can occur anywhere in the mouth, but most occur on
floor of mouth, underside/lateral side of tongue, soft palate, tonsilar pillar and retromolar areas
-
In the TNM staging system for Oral SCCC what does the
T1
T2
T3
T4
stand for
- T1 – tumor less than 2 cm diameter
- T2 – tumor 2 to 4 cm in diameter
- T3 – Tumor greater than 4 cm
- T4 – Tumor invades adjacent structures
-
In the TNM staging system for Oral SCCC what does the
N0
N1
N2
N3
stand for
- N0 – no palpable nodes
- N1 – ipsilateral nodes(same side as lesion)
- N2 – Contralateral or bilateral nodes
- N3 – Fixed palpable nodes
-
In the TNM staging system for Oral SCCC what does the
M0
M1
stand for
- M0 – No distant metastasis
- M1 – clinical or radiographic evidence of metastasis
-
STAGE IV INCLUDES ANY PATIENT WITH
M1
-
Solar or actinic cheilitis can occur on the
vermilion border of the lips and face.
-
Prognosis for SCC ________ is much better than for that of the oral mucosa.
of the skin
-
The majority of solar cheilitis occurs in patients age
40 and over
-
-
Verrucous Carcinoma clinically appears as a
slow-growing exophytic tumor with a pebbly white and red surface
-
Basal Cell Carcinoma is a _______ composed of ________.
- malignant skin tumor
- basal cells
-
Basal Cell Carcinoma clinically appears as a _______ and does not occur in the _______
- nonhealing ulcer with rolled borders
- oral cavity
-
Since the source of salivary tumors is _________, benign salivary tumors are called ________.
- glandular epithelium
- adenomas
-
All salivary gland tumors are diagnosed based on their
histological appearance
-
Intraorally, minor salivary gland tumors are most commonly located at
the junction of the hard and soft palates
-
Tumors of minor salivary glands occur more on which lip
Upper lip
-
Pleomorphic adenoma is a _________ accounting for ___% of all benign salivary gland tumors.
- benign mixed (epithelium and connective tissue) salivary gland tumor
- 90
-
The most common extraoral site of the Pleomorphic adenoma is the
parotid gland
-
The most common intraoral site of the Pleomorphic adenoma is the
palate, usually one side of the midline in the posterior palate
-
Monomorphic adenoma is a _________ and differs from pleomorphic adenoma in that it _________
- benign encapsulated growth in which epithelium forms a very regular, usually glandular pattern
- lacks the connective tissue (mesoderm) component of the pleomorphic adenoma and by its regular histologic pattern
-
The Most common sites of the Monomorphic adenoma are
upper lip and buccal mucosa
-
Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma (cylindroma) is a _______ and microscopically looks like __________
- Unencapsulated malignant tumor of salivary glands
- swiss cheese
-
The most common extra oral site of the Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma (cylindroma) is the
parotid gland
-
-
The most common intra oral site of the Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma (cylindroma) is the
palate
-
The Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma (cylindroma) is more common in _________ and tends to be _______
-
Mucoepidermoid carcinoma is a __________ composed of a ________
- malignant, unencapsulated, infiltrating salivary gland tumor
- combination of mucous cells and squamous-like epithelial cells called epidermoid cells
-
-
In the mucoepidermoid carcinoma the _______ is the most common site of the major glands while _______ is most common site of the minor glands
-
What is the most common malignant salivary gland tumor in children
Mucoepidermoid carcinoma
|
|
