Biology IB Chapter 1.2

everything that can be seen with an electromicroscope.

Scanning electron micrograph (2D)

Transmittance electron micrograph (3D)

membrane structure

before nucleus

after nucleus

is free in Prokaryotic cells (DNA form)

is in the nucleus in Eukaryotic Cells (DNA)

one circular molecule in prokaryotic cells

several, open ended molecules in eukaryotic cells

70s ribosomes in prokaryotic cells

80s ribosomes in eukaryotic cells

no mitochondria in prokaryotic cells

yes mitochondria in eukaryotic cells

no membrane bound organelles in prokaryotic cells

internal compartmentalization through membrane bound organelles in eukaryotic cells

smaller prokaryotic cells

way bigger eukaryotic cells

that are not membraned.

smol lines coming from cell membrane used for attachment and sexual reproduction

The outest part of the E. Coli made of polysaccharides used for attachment

Is between capsule and plasma membrane used for protection and shaping. Made out of peptidoglycan

Way inside, controls the entry and exit of substances

Does binary fission (reproduction)

All information is encoded in the DNA

Contains extra genetic info

Cells could function without a plasmid

All metabolic reactions take place

Is not compartmentalized

Smol dots, protein synthesis

Long lines coming from bottom of cell

Allows movement

Simple form of cell division

Asexual reproduction

• DNA replication
• The two DNA loops attach to the membrane in opposite poles
• Membrane elongates and pinches off (cytokinesis) forming two separate, identical cells

In ideal conditions, can divide every 20 min, which leads to exponential growth

In eukaryotes, some organelles also undergo binary fission

• eukaryotic cells 
• keeps the cells together. The ECM allows cell-to-cell interactions, possibly altering gene expression and enabling the coordination of cell actions within the tissue.

Toxic damaging substances can be isolated

pH and other such factors can be kept at optimal levels (localized)

More efficient metabolism (enzymes and substrates are localized and much more concentrated as they are not spread in the cytoplasm)

 

Special functions are localized (organelles)

Has a double membrane and is about the size of a bacteria. Is only present in algae and plant cells. Produces glycose and various other organic compounds through photosynthesis

• is bordered by a double membrane referred to as the nuclear envelope. (compartmentalization of DNA, allows for chemical reactions)
• Has nuclear pores which provide communication of nucleus with the cell and a dense area inside the nucleus which is the nucleolus (ribosome synthesis)

Powerhouse of the cell. Have their own ribosomes and DNA. Are folded inside into crista, to achieve more space. The inner membrane is filled with a semi-liquid called matrix.

collection, packaging, 
modification, and distribution of materials synthesized in the
 cell. 
 prevalent in glandular cells, such as those in the pancreas, which manufacture and secrete substances.

intracellular digestive centres that arise from the Golgi apparatus.
 breakdown of materials (usually not seen in plant cells) Very dark and dense.

Protein synthesis, no membrane, are made of RNA and protein, are denser and larger in eukaryotic cells

Protein synthesis and transportation

Lipid synthesis and transportation

Cell Wall: No cell wall in animals, cell wall in plants

Chloroplast: yes in plants, no chloroplast in animals

Vacuole: large, central in plants, no or v smol in animals

Carbonhydrates: stores as starch in plants, stored as glycogen in animals

Centrioles: no centrosomes in plants, centrosomes in animals

Flagella, cilia: None in plants, yes in animals