Carbohydrates

same molecule different spatial arrangement

all D or all L

mix of D and L

1 carbon is switched

1st C in ring that can switch between beta and alpha

a carbohydrate polymer of 3 to 10 monosaccharide

the sugar that contains a free anomeric carbon not involved in

the product of the first addition to a carbonyl compound (specifically an aldose)

addition of an alcohol to ketose

sugar that contains a carbonyl and carboxylic acid group

isomeric forms of monosaccharides that differ only in their configuration about the hemiacetal or hemiketal carbon atom

• α1-4 glucose
• cho storage for plants
• h-bonded left hand helix
• two types: amylose (no branching) amylopectin (branch 1-6)

• α1-4 glucose
• CHO storage for animals 
• branched
• granules
• enzyme for synthesis and degredation in granule

• β1-4 glucose
• fibrous structure in plants
• linear
• unbranched

• linear repeating disaccharides ABABA
• A: GlcNAc or GalNAc'
• B: a uronic acid
• negative charged
• rich in info

• mostly carbohydrates than protein
• backbone hylauronate
• glycoaminoglycans are bound in these

• glycoprotein
• carbohydrate-binding proteins

• cell-cell recognition
• CHO determinants in embryos
• leukocyte homing

protein and one or several oligosaccharides covalently bonded

• target protein to specific organelles
• protect protein from proteolysis
• aid folding, stability
• provide point of recognition

membrane lipids, the polar head group is a oligosaccharide containing sialic acid

plasma membrane lectins that mediate cell-cell recognition and adhesion

Glc-Gal-GlcNAc-Gal(-Fuc)

Glc-Gal-GlcNAc-Gal(-Fuc)-GalNAc

Glc-Gal-GlcNAc-Gal(-Fuc)-Gal

• Novel CHOs on Cancer cells
• H. pylori binds to fucose On O antigen
• H. pylori binds to sialic acid in some gastric mucosa glycoproteins
• Cholera binds to gylcoproteins in intestine-activate chloride pump