Exam 2 - Corbett Ch 2 10 16

• 4500-11,000/mm³ %
• (Amount in cubic millimeter of blood)
• WBCs is also known as leukocytes

0-5

• AKA Polys or PMNs
• 45-75

0-8

0-3

16-46

4-11

• Neutrophilia due to infection
• Increased bands/stabs

Decreased neutrophils due to various viral diseases (hepatitis, influenza, measles, mumps, and rubella - cause lymphocytosis) or certain bacteria infections (typhoid, tularemia, brucellosis)

• A dramatic decrease in granulocytes (neutrophils, basophils, and eosinophils)
• Can lead to sepsis

• Antigen-antibody reactions
• Caused by allergic reactions (asthma, hay fever, hypersensitivity to a drug)
• Also can be caused by parasitic infection (such as round worms), certain skin diseases and neoplasms

• Caused by increased levels of adrenal steroids
• (patient with allergy that begins corticosteroid therapy)

Leukemia

• corticosteroids
• allergic reactions
• acute infections

• Second most common type of WBC, after neutrophils
• Three types of lymphocytes:
• T-lymphocytes
• B-lymphocytes
• Natural killer (NK) cells

• viral infections (mumps, infectious hepatitis)
• pertussis
• infectious mononucleosis
• some tumors
• tuberculosis
• chronic bacteria infection
• lymphocytic leukemia (acute and chronic) - ALL is more common in children, CLL is more common in adults

• HIV decreases T-lymphocytes (CD4)
• AIDS decreases total number of lymphocytes
• Adrenal corticosteroids and immunosuppressive drugs
• Autoimmune diseases (systemic lupus erythematosus)
• Severe malnutrition

• HIV
• CD4 is a diagnostic case marker for AIDS (<200 is a diagnosis of AIDS)

• Therapy in transplant recepients
• (assess the efficacy of OKT3 monoclonal antibody therapy)

Monocytes are present in tissues as macrophages, and act as phagocytes in some chronic inflammatory diseases

• Tuberculosis
• Protozoan infections (malaria)
• Rickettsial infections (Rocky Mountain spotted fever)
• Chronic ulcerative colitis
• Regional enteritis
• Some collagen diseases
• Monocytic leukemia (acute and chronic)

• 6.0-8.0
• Albumin and Globulin combined

3.1-4.3 g/dL

2.6-4.1 g/dL

liver

• maintain oncotic pressure in the vascular system
• important for transportation of many substances in the bloodstream (many drugs, lipids, hormones, and toxin are bound to albumin while circulating in the bloodstream)
• a buffer that functions to maintain acid-base balance in bloodstream

• It allows fluid to leak out into the interstitial spaces and into the peritoneal cavity
• Total serum calcium will also decrease
• Caused by liver dysfunction, not seen in acute liver failure because it take several weeks of lack of production before the albumin level decreases.
• Most common is chronic liver dysfunction caused by cirrhosis.
• Caused by AIDS, Nephrotic syndrome, preeclampsia and eclampsia, severe burns with related damage to capillaries and blood vessels, severe malnutrition.

• dehydration
• (many tests can be falsely elevated by dehydration)
• Excess protein in the diet is first to be broken down into amino acids and used for various purposes - including storage as adipose tissue.

• along with delayed hypersensitivity are functions of T lymphocytes controlled by the thymus
• The presence of adequate cellular immunity can be demonstrated by a positive response to various skin tests.  Clients with negative tests for all the antigens on a skin test panel have anergy - the inability to mount an immune response.

• Humoral immunity is directly measured by the assessment of the circulating antibodies, secreted by the B lymphocytes, in the serum and in other body fluids, such as saliva, tears, and colostrum.
• The IgM class of antibodies is produced by B lymphocytes as a first response to a potential infection.
• (Humor is an old reference to body fluids.)

• Gram positive or negative
• Shape (round/cocci, rod-shaped/bacilli, spiral shaped/spirilla)
• Aerobic or anaerobic
• Cocci can also be further classified if it forms pairs (diplococci), strings (streptococci), or clusters (staphylococci)

Aerobic gram negative diplococci

Aerobic gram negative bacilli

• Aerobic gram positive cocci
• (Staphylococcus aureus - staph = clusters)

• Aerobic gram positive cocci
• (Streptococcus pneumoniae - strep = strings)

Aerobic gram negative bacilli

• Anaerobic gram positive bacillus
• (Clostridium difficile)

• Acid fast bacillus
• (Mycobacterium tuberculosis)

Refers to the ability of the antibiotic to inhibit the growth of the bacteria.

When an antibiotic does not inhibit the growth of the bacteria, the organism is resistant to the antibiotic.