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Define tissue?
Groups of specialized cells and cell products performing a limited number of functions.
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Name the four primary tissue types?
- Epilthelia
- Connective
- Muscular
- Nervous
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What is the purpose of the Epithelia tissue?
- Cover exposed surfaces (provide physical protection)
- Line internal passageways and chambers
- Produce glandular secretions
- Control permeability
- Provide sensation
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What is the purpose of Connective tissue?
- Fill internal spaces
- Provide structural support
- Store energy
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What is the purpose of Muscle tissue?
Contracts and provides active movement
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What is the purpose of Neural tissue?
- Conducts electrical impulses
- Carries information
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Define glands?
Secretory structures derived from epithelia
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Name three specializations of Epithelial cells?
- Microvilli
- Stereocilia
- Cilia
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Describe 6 characteristics of Epithelial Tissue?
- Cells are bound tightly together by cell junctions
- Always has a free (apical) surface
- Bound to basement membrance (Basal Lamina)
- Avascular
- Arranged into sheets and layers (one or more)
- Regeneration (division of geminative (stem) cells)
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What maintains the integrity of the epithelium?
- Intercellular connections
- Attachment to basal lamina. (lamina lucida (clear layer), lamina densa (reticular layer)
- Maintenance and renewal is self perpetuated by germinative cells (stem cells)
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Name and describe the two layers of epithelia
- Simple-only one layer
- Stratified-more then one layer
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Name the different shapes of the epithelia
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Describe the characteristics, and functions of simple squamous ep.?
- Delicate
- Secretes serous fluid (protects by reducing friction)
- Lines internal cavities; blood vessels
- Gas exchnge
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Describe the characteristics of stratified squamous epithelial?
- Series of flat layers
- Protects against stress
- Located where there is wear and tear
- (skin, mouth, esophagus, rectum, vagina)
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Describe the characteristics of simple cubodial epithelial? What it is used for?
- Forms tubes and ducts
- Secretion and absorption
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Where can Transitional epithelium be found, what is it's function?
- Only in the urinary tract
- Allows for stretching of the bladder as it fills
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Describe the characteristics of simple columnar epithelium? What is it's function?
- Lines the digestive tract
- Absorption and secretion
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What are the two modifications to the simple columnar epithelium that aid in absorption and secretion?
- Dense microvilli
- Goblet cells
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Where is simple columnar epithelium found?
Lining of the stomach, intestines, gallbladder, uterine tubes, and collecting ducts of the kidneys
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Where can psuedostratifed columnar epithelium be found?
Lining of the nasal cavity, trachea, and bronchi; portions of the male reproductive tract
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Describe exocrine glands? What are some of it's secretions?
- •Secretes into a duct or onto their apical surface (e.g.
- skin)
- •Secretion e.g. mucus, sweat,
- oil, saliva, liver bile, digestive/pancreatic enzymes, milk, perspiration
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Describe endocrine glands?
- •Secrete hormones
- •Ductless
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Name some characteristics of connective tissue?
- Found throughout the body – never exposed to outside
- environment
- Great diversity of function &
- appearance - bone, fat, blood
- Connective tissue mostly matrix
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All connective tissues have what three main components?
- 1.Special cells
- 2.Extracellular protein fibers
- 3.Ground substance
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Define Matrix as it relates to connective tissue?
- Term for the extracellular component of any
- connective tissue that is made up of the protein fibers and the ground substance.
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Name six functions of connective tissue?
- 1.Establishing the structural framework of the body.
- 2.Transporting fluid and dissolved materials.
- 3.Protecting organs
- 4.Supporting, surrounding, and connecting other tissues.
- 5.Storing energy.
- 6.Defending the body from microorganisms.
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Name the fixed cells?
- Fibroblasts
- Fibrocytes
- Mixed macrophages
- Adipocytes
- Mesenchymal cells
- Melanocytes
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Name the wandering cells?
- Free macrophages
- Mast cells
- Lymphocytes
- Neutrophils
- eosinophils
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Name the fibers of connective tissue proper?
- Collagen fibers
- Recticular fibers
- Elastic fibers
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Describe the look, characteristic and function of collagen fibers?
- long, straight, unbranched
- Strongest; most common fibers
- Cylindrical fibers made up of three subunits coiled around one another.
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What do recticular fibers look like? What's their characteristic?
- A single unit of collagen proteins
- Thin; branched framework
- Tough but flexible
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What is the characteristic and look of Elastic fibers?
- Contain the protein elastin
- Branching & wavy
- Stretch & recoil
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What type of tissue is Areolar? Where is it found?
- Loose connective tissue
- Within and deep to the dermis of skin,
- and covered by epithelial lining of the digestive, respiratory tract
- and urinary tract; between muscle; between muscles;
- around blood vessels, nerves, and around joints
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Where is the location and what is the function of Adipose tissue?
- Deep to the skin, especially at the sides,
- Buttock, breast; padding around eyes and kidneys
- Provides cushion and padding, shocks,
- Insulates (reduces heat loss) stores energy
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What is the location and function of reticular tissue?
- Liver, kidney,spleen, lymph nodes
- And bone marrow
- Provides supporting framework
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What is the characteristic of dense regular connective tissue? What is made of dense connective tissue?
- Straight, parelle
- Tendons (collagen fiber, connects bone-muscle)
- Aponeuroses
- Elastic tissue (vertibrae-vertibrae)
- Ligaments (collagen fiber, bone-bone)
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Describe dense connective tissue? What is made of dense irregular tissue?
- Coming from all directions
- Dermis
- Covers bones and cartilage
- Capsules of organs
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Describe the function of dense regular connective tissue?
- Provides firm attachment; conducts
- pull of muscles; reduces friction
- between muscles; stabilizes relative
- positions of bones
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Where is the location of dense irregular connective tissue?
- Capsules of visceral organs;
- Periostea and perichondria;
- Nerve and muscle sheaths; dermis
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What is the function of dense irregular connective tissue?
- Provides strength to resist forces
- Applied from many directions; helps
- Prevent overexpansion of organs such
- As the urinary bladder
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Name the two fluid connective tissues?
- Blood: has a matrix called plasma
- Various types of formed elements
- Lymph: forms as interstitial fluid (around the cell)
- 99% of cells are lymphocytes
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Name the characteristics specific to supporting connective tissues? What are those tissues?
- Contain few cells, high amounts of fiber, and
- A ground substance that may contain insoluble calcium salts
- Cartilage: Hyaline, Elastic, Fibrous
- Bone
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What is the location of hyaline cartilage?
- Between tips of ribs and bones of
- Sternum; covering bone surfaces;
- At synovial joints; supporting larynx
- Trachea, and bronchi; forming part of the septum
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What is the function of hyaline cartliage?
- Provides stiff but somewhat
- Flexible support; reduces
- Friction between bony surfaces
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Where are the locations of elastic cartilage?
- Auricle of external ear
- Epiglottis; auditory canal
- Cuneiform cartilages of larynx
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What is the function of elastic cartilage?
- Provides support, but tolerates
- Distortion without damage
- And returns to original shape
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Where are the locations of fibrous cartilage?
- Pads within knee joint;
- Between pubic bones of pelvis
- Intervertebral discs
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What is the function of fibrous cartilage?
- Resists compression; prevents
- Bone to bone contact; limits relative
- Movement
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Where are mucous membranes located?
- Nasal cavity
- Mouth
- Esophagus lining
- Lung bronchi
- Urinary system
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What are the characteristics of mucous membranes? What is it used in?
- Surface epithelium moist, forms barrier
- Underlying loose connective tissue (lamina propria)
- Lines all body cavities that open to the exterior
- Often adapted for absorption or secretion
- Most secret mucus
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What are the serous membranes?
- Parietal peritoneum
- Visceral peritoneum
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Describe the characteristics of the serous memebranes?
- Thin, transparent-simple squamous epithelium
- Attached to body wall and organs they cover
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What is the function of the serous memebranes?
- Minimize friction
- Lines open body cavities that are closed
- To the exterior or the body
- Serous layers seperated by serous fluid
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Where is the cutaneous membrane? Describe it's characteristic? What is the function?
- Skin
- Outermost protective boundary
- Keratinized (water resistent)
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Where is the synovial membranes located? What is the function?
- Line joint cavity
- Synovial fluid
- Lubricates cartilages, cushions shocks, distributes
- Oxygen and nutrients
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Describe the from outermost to innermost the levels of mucous membranes?
- Surface of skin, mucous secretion
- Epithelium
- Lamina propria (areolar tissue)
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Describe from outermost to innermost the levels within serous membranes?
- Transudate
- Mesothelium
- Areolar tissue
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Describe the layers of cutaneous membranes?
- Epithelium
- Areolar tissue
- Dense irregular connective tissue
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Name the three types of muscle cells?
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Name the two types of neural tissues?
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What are the characteristics of muscle tissue?
- Cells are long, cylindrical
- Straited, and multinucleate
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What is the characteristics of cardiac muscle tissue?
- Cells are short, branched, and straited
- Usually with a single nucleus; cells
- Are interconnected by intercalated discs
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What are the characteristics of smooth muscle tissue?
- Cells are short, spindle-shaped, and
- Nonstraited, with a single, central nucleus
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