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The accumulation of abnormal amounts of fluid in the spaces between cells or in body cavities is termed:
Edema:
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What is the process by which white blood cells surround and digest infectios organisms?:
Phagocytosis:
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A tumorlike scar is referred to as a:
Keyloid:
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Inflammation with pus formation is termed:
Suppurative:
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An interruption in the blood supply to an organ or body part is referred to as:
Ischemia:
-
A localized area of ischemic necrosis in an organ or tissue is termed:
Infarct:
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A swelling caused by bleeding into an enclosed area is termed:
Hematoma:
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A decrease in function of an organ or tissue because of a reducction in the size or number of cells is termed:
Atrophy:
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Term meaning new growth:
Neoplasia:
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The term for benign epithelial neoplasms that have a glandlike pattern is:
Adenoma:
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Ultrasound depends on the echo of the high-frequency sound waves produce by the transducer. Tissue that produces a strong reflection is known as:
Hyperechoic or Echogenic:
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Ultrasound is limited by acoustic barriers such as:
Air and Bone:
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The modality that views tissue from multiple angles using narrow x-ray beam is:
CT:
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The CT technique using continuous scanning while the table moves the patient through the gantry is:
Helical Scanning:
-
Currently, the term multidetector CT indicates:
8-64 detector array:
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To create an image in MRI, the technology depends on:
Hydrogen atoms and their response to radiofrequency pulses:
-
Multiple-pulse sequences may be required to illustrate pathophysiologic changes. Examples of MRI pulse sequences are:
T1 and T2 weighted images:
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Nuclear medicine and SPECT imaging rely on scintillation cameras to detect:
Gamma Rays:
-
PET imaging is especially useful to evaluate:
Preradiation and postradiation or chemotherapy:
-
Hybrid imaging equipment combines:
Two modalities simultaneously producing one set of images:
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What types of injury cause inflammation?
Blunt or penetrating trauma, infectious organisms, and irritating substances.
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What are the 4 events of inflammatory response?
Alteration of blood flow and vascular permeability, migration of blood cells to injured tissue, phagocytosis, and repair/regeneration
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What is the earliest bodily response to injury?
Dilation of vessels leading to increase of blood flow (Hyperemia)
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What produces the heat and redness associated with inflammation?
Hyperemia
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What produces swelling associated with inflammation?
Venules and capillaries become abnormally permeable to allow passage of plasma
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What is the pain associated with inflammation caused by?
Swelling puts pressure on sensitive nerve endings
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What term defines alcoholic injury to the liver?
Cirrhosis
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What are the 4 clinical signs of inflammation?
Rubor (redness), calor (heat), tumor (swelling), and dolor (pain)
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What type of bacteria leads to the production of pus?
Pyogenic Bacteria
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What is a localized area of chronic inflammation, often with central necrosis?
Granuloma
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What are the two forms of Edema?
Localized and General
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Generalized Edema is most prominent where in the body?
Dependent portions
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What results from the escape of protein-rich intravascular fluid into extravascular tissue?
Localized Edema
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What can cause ischemia?
Narrowing of arterial structures or by thrombotic or embolic occlusion.
-
Most common forms of infarction:
Myocardial and pulmonary
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What is a severe arterial disease of the lower extremities resulting in necrosis of several toes or a large segment of the foot?
Gangrene
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Term for larger variation of petechiae:
Purpura
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Term for a large subcutaneous hematoma, or bruise:
Ecchymosis
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Lack of normal development resulting in a small size or developmental failure resulting in the absence of an organ or tissue:
Aplasia
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Two types of atrophy:
Disuse and Pathologic
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Hypertrophy occurs most often in cells that
cannot multiply such as myocardial and peripheral striated muscle
-
Hypertrophy is an increase in:
cell size
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Hyperplasia is an increase in:
cell number
-
Loss in the uniformity of individual cells and their orientation:
Dysplasia
-
An abnormal proliferation of cells that are no longer controlled by the factors that govern the growth of normal cells:
Neoplasia
-
Neoplastic cells compete with normal cells and tissues for their metabolic needs; they act as:
parasites
-
The growth rate of neoplastic cells generally correlates inversely with:
the level of parenchymal differentiation
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Differentiated tumors grow ______, undifferentiated neoplasms grow ______.
slowly/rapidly
-
Tumor cells flourish and the patient becomes weak and emaciated:
Cachexia
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Malignant neoplasm of epithelial cell origin:
Carcinoma
-
Highly malignant tumors arising from connective tissue:
Sarcoma
-
What are the three pathways in which neoplasms disseminate?
Seeding within cavities, lymphatic spread, hematogenous spread
-
The grading of a malignant tumor assesses:
aggressiveness, or degree of malignancy
-
What term refers to the extensiveness of a tumor at it's primary site and the presence or absence of metastases to lymph nodes and distant organs?
Staging
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What aids in determing the most appropriate cancer therapy/
Grading and staging
-
Substantial evidence indicates that most tumors arise from:
a single cell
-
Two basic tumor components:
The parenchyma is made up of neoplastic cells and the supporting stroma is made up of connective tissue, blood vessels, and possible lymphatic vessels
-
Hereditary diseases reflect:
an abnormality in the DNA
-
Most common hereditary abnormality:
Enzyme deficiency
-
Alterations in DNA structure that may become permanent hereditary changes:
Mutation
-
Mutations may result form:
Radiation, chemicals, or viruses
-
Disorders that are transmitted from one generation to the next:
Autosomal Dominant Disorders
-
Autosomal Dominant Disorders can have reduced penetrance meaning:
not everyone who has the gene will demonstrate the trait
-
Autosomal Dominant Disorders can have variable expressivity meaning;
dominant gene may manifest differently in different individuals
-
Disorders that result only if a person is homozygous to the defective gene:
Autosomal Recessive Disorders
-
What is the difference between Active and Passive Immunity?
A person forms their own antibodies in Active immunity while in Passive Immunity antibodies from an animal are administered for short term use
-
Three types of Immunologic Reactions:
Anaphylactic, Cytotoxic, and Delayed reactions
-
A cytotoxic reaction leads to:
cell destruction by lysis or phagocytosis such as in a faulty blood transfusion
-
A delayed reaction occurs in an individual that was;
previously sensitized to an antigen (poison ivy/rejected organ)
-
A systemic disease, characteristically affects the skin and causes an ulcerated hemorrhagic dermatitis:
Kaposi's Sarcoma
-
Most common causes of hepatitis:
viral infection or reaction to drugs and toxins
-
Forms of hepatitis:
A, B, C and E
-
Type of hepatitis transmitted in the digestive tract from oral or fecal contact:
Hepatitis A
-
Type of hepatitis transmitted through sexual contact:
Hepatitis B and C
-
Type of hepatitis acquired by the ingestion of food or water that has been contaminated with fecal matter:
Hepatitis E
-
In ultrasound, tissues lacking signals (echo free) are termed ____ and appear:
Anechoic, dark region
-
In ultrasound, if a tissue exhibits a strong reflection, the are:
Hyperechoic/echogenic
-
Tissue that exhibit weak reflections are:
Hypoechoic
-
Two structures with the same echogenicity although the tissue may not be the same are:
Isoechoic
-
In CT, what represents the attenuation of a specific tissue relative to that of water?
CT Number
-
CT produces images of what thickness?
5-10mm
-
Newest generation of CT scanners perfom __-___ slices per rotation.
8-64
-
What is the modality of choice for imaging the central nervous system and spine?
MRI
-
What modality consists of inducing hydrogen atoms to alternate between a high-energy state and a low energy state by absorbing and then releasing energy?
MRI
-
What is used for localization of specific regions of the brain that correspond to various function such as motor, sensory, memory, vision and language?
Functional MRI (fMR)
-
In what modality does the patient ingest or is injected with a radiopharmaceutical that emits radiation and an image is created from the signals radiating from the patient/
Nuclear Medicine
-
The amount of ionizing radiation to the patient in a nuclear medicine study is similar to that in a:
standard radiographic exam
-
Images obtained using nuclear medicine techniques lack in
anatomic information
-
PET is useful in:
oncology, cardiology, and neurology
-
PET produces a:
metabolic image
-
In nuclear medicine, radiopharmaceuticals decay by:
positron emission
-
Focus Imaging combines:
anatomic images with metabolic function images
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