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A major physiological challenge facingĀ multicellular animals
Obtaining sufficient oxygen & disposing of excess CO2
Diffusion is...?
Passive and driven by the difference in O2 and CO2 concentrations on both sides of the membranes
Ficks law
...Of Diffusion governs the rate of diffusion between the two areas
Ways to optimize the rate of diffusion
1. Increase surface area
2. Decrease distance
3. Increase conc difference or pressure differential
In unicellular organisms, gases diffuse [BLANK]
DIRECTLY
Amphibians respire [BLANK]
across their skin
How do echinoderms breathe (handle gas exchange
Protruding papulae
How do insects handle gas exchange?
extensive tracheal system
How do mammals handle gas exchange?
A large network of alveoli
Define: Gills
Extension of tissue that project into water
Function of Gills
Increased surface are for diffusion
2 Disadvantages of gills
1. Must be moved constantly
2. Are more susceptible to damage
Gills of bony fishes are located
Between the oral cavity and the opercular cavities
The functions of the oral cavity and opercular cavity
pumps that expand alternatively
(T/F) Blood flows opposite to the direction of water movement
True
False
TRUE
Why does blood flow opposite to the direction of water?
Increases pressure differential & maximizes oxygenation of blood
The most efficient of respiratory organs
Fish Gills
Why are gills not viable in terrestrial animals
Water evaporates & air is less supportive than water
(T/F) Lungs maximize evaporation by moving air through a branched tubular passage
True
False
FALSE
(T/F) Birds utilize a two-way flow system
True
False
FALSE
Amphibian lungs are formed as [BLANK]
Saclike outpouchings of the guts
Frogs (amphibians) force air into their lungs by creating a [1. BLANK] in the [2. BLANK]
1. Positive
2. Buccal Cavity
Reptiles have [BLANK] breathing
Negative Pressure
Mammalian lungs are packed with [BLANK]
Millions of alveoli
Inhaled air passes through
The larynx, glottis and trachea, then to the right & left bronchi then each lungs
Alveoli are surrounded by an extensive [BLANK]
Capillary network
Bird lungs channel air through [BLANK]
Parabronchi
Bird respiration occurs in [BLANK]
2 cycles
Cycle 1 of bird respiration
inhaled air travels from the trachea --> posterior air sacs --> lungs
Cycle 2 of bird respiration
Air is drawn from lungs --> anterior air sacs --> out trachea
Gas exchange is driven by differences in [BLANK]
partial pressures
Outside each lung is covered by the [BLANK]
Visceral Pleural Membrane
Inner wall of the thoracic cavity is lined by [BLANK]
Parietal pleural membrane
The space between two membranes is called [BLANK]
Pleural cavity
Pleural cavity characteristics
1. Small
2. Fluid filled
3. Joins 2 membranes together
4. Helps lungs move with thoracic cavity
Contraction of the external intercostal muscles expands the [BLANK]
Rib cage
Contractionof the diaphragm expands the [BLANK]
Volume of the thorax and lungs
Inhalation draws air into the lungs via [BLANK] pressure
Negative
Expansion during inhalation puts the lungs and thorax under [BLANK] tension
Elastic
Elastic tension is released by [BLANK]
The relaxation of the external intercostal muscles and diaphragm which causes unforced exhalation
Define Tidal Volume
Volume of air entering and exiting lungs of a person at rest
Define Vital Capacity
Max amount of air that can be expired after a forceful inspiration
Define Hypoventilation
Insufficient breathing
Pco2 hypoventilation
abnormally high
Define Hyperventilation
Excessive breathing
Pco2 at Hyperventilation
Abnormally low
Breathing is controlled by the [BLANK]
Neurons in the respiratory control center in the medulla oblongata
What causes inhalation?
External intercostal muscles are stimulated, causing the diaphragm to contract
What causes exhalation?
Neurons stop producing impulses, respiratory muscles relax
(T/F) Neurons are not sensitive to blood Pco2 changes
True
False
FALSE
A rise in Pco2 causes [BLANK...3 steps]
1. Increased carbonic acid production = lower blood pH
2. Stimulates neurons in aortic and carotid bodies
3. Sends impulses to respiratory control center to increase rate of breathing
COPD
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
-Any disorder that obstructs airflow on a long term basis
Define Asthma
Release of histamine triggered by allergens causing intense constriction of the bronchi (& sometimes suffocation)
Define Emphysema
Lungs lose elasticity due to the breakdown of the alveolar walls causing the lungs to have larger and fewer alveoli
Each Hemoglobin chain consists of how many polypeptide chains?
4; 2 alphas & 2 betas
Each polypeptide chain on hemoglobin is associated with a [BLANK]
Heme group
Each Heme group has a [BLANK]
Central Iron atom that can bind an oxygen molecule
Define oxyhemoglobin
Hemoglobin loaded up with oxygen
Define Deoxyhemoglobin
Hemoglobin that loses oxygen atoms as blood passes through capillaries
4/5 of the oxygen in the blood is left as [BLANK]
a reserve for the brain in case of exertion or loss of consciousness or cardiac failure
Hemoglobins affinity for O2 is affected by [BLANK] & [BLANK]
ph & temperature
The pH effect is known as [BLANK]
The Bohr shift
2 other gases that are transported by hemoglobin are
Nitric oxide (NO) and Carbon monoxide (CO)
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Author
aokeiyi
ID
334843
Card Set
Chapter 7
Description
The Respiratory System
Updated
2017-10-06T19:12:42Z
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