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Water in a multicellular body is distributed between [BLANK] & [BLANK]
Intracellular comparment & Extracellular compartment
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[BLANK] is the major cation in extracellular fluids
Sodium
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[BLANK] is the anion in extracellular fluids
Chloride
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[BLANK (3)] are also important ions in extracellular fluid
Calcium, magnesium and potassium
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Define Osmotic pressure
Measure of a solutions tendency to take in water by osmosis
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Define Osmolarity
Measure osmotic pressure; number of active moles of solute per liter of solution
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Tonicity
A solutions ability to change the volume of a cell by osmosis
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3 types of tonicity
- 1. Hypertonic
- 2. Hypotonic
- 3. Isotonic
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Define Hypertonic
Higher Ion conc outside membrane so water moves outside cell
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Define Hypotonic
Lower Ion concentration outside cell so water moves inside cell
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Define Isotonic
Equal Ion concentration on both sides of cell, equal movement of water inside and outside the cell
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Osmoconformers
- Organisms that are in osmotic equilibrium with their environments
- ex) Sharks & Hagfish
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Osmoregulators
Organisms that arent in osmotic equilibrium with their environment
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Freshwater fish Characteristics
- 1. Hypertonic to their environment (more water & low ion conc inside cell)
- 2. Dont take in water
- 3. Solutes leave the body so they must actively transport ions from gills into blood
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Saltwater/ Marine Fish Characteristics
- 1. Hypotonic to environment (less water & higher ion conc inside cell)
- 2. Water leaves their bodies so they must drink lots of water
- 3. Solutes move from environment to inside fish
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[BLANK] helps terrestrial vertebrates retain water
Urinary/ Osmoregulatory systems
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(T/F) Terrestrial vertebrates have a hugher conc of water than the surrounding air & Tend to lose water by evaporation from skin and lungs
TRUE
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NItrogenous waste consist of
- 1. Uric acid
- 2. Urea
- 3. Ammoina
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Define the Ammonia problem
Some fish and amphibians excrete NH3
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In mammals, urea is synthesized in the [BLANK]
Liver
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Why do birds, reptiles and insects convert ammonia into uric acid
Because its the most efficient way to retain water, it does however have a high energy cost
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Most mammals (not humans) have an enzyme called [BLANK] that converts uric acid into allantoin
Uricase
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Examples of Osmoregulatory Organs in animals
- 1. Contractile vacuoles in Single celled protists and Sponges
- 2. System of excretory tubules in multicellular animals
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Define Nephrons
The smallest unit of filtration in the kidney
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In the Kidneys, all filtering occurs in the [BLANK]
Glomerulus into tubular systems made up of different tubular systems
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Humans make [BLANK]tonic urine
Hypertonic
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Sharks reabsorb urea from the [BLANK]
Nephron tubules which makes them isotonic to environment
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Amphibian Kidneys are very similar to that of [BLANK]
Freshwater Fish
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Difference between the kidneys of Marine reptiles vs Terrestrial reptiles
Marine: Drink seawater and excrete isotonic urine
Terrestrial: Reabsorb salt & water in their nephorn tubules. Dont pee but poop through cloaca
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Function of the Loop of Henle in Mammals and Birds
- 1. Produce urine thats hypertonic to body fluids
- 2.Creates a gradient of increasing Osmolarity from the cortex to the Medulla
- 3. Creates a hypertonic renal Medulla
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Loop of Henle in Birds is [BLANK] but is [BLANK] in mammals
short, varying sizes
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Urine waste concentration is dependent on [BLANK] in Birds and mammals
The length on the loop of henle
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Each Kidney receives blood from [BLANK]
A renal Artery
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3 Basic functions of the kidney
- 1. Filtration: stuff traveling from blood to tubules
- 2. Reabsorption: tubules back into blood
- 3. Secretion: Other stuff going out of tubule cells and into tubular system
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Blood flow in the Mammalian Kidney
affernet arteriole --> Glomerulus --> Capillary walls --> Bowmans capsule --> Proximal convoluted tubule --> Medulla --> Loop of Henle --> Distal convoluted tubule --> Collecting duct --> Renal Pelvis
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Reabsorption of glucose & amino acids is driven by [BLANK] & [BLANK]
active & secondary active transport
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Major Kidney function is [BLANK]
Elimination of potentially harmful substances that animals eat & drink
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(T/F) Kidneys are vital in balancing the acid-base balance of the blood
TRUE
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Function of Proximal Convoluted Tubule
reabsorb all nutrient in filtrate & 2/3rds of NaCl & water. Keeps filtrate in tubule isotonic
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(T/F) Hormones control Osmoregulation
- TRUE
- - ADH, Aldosterone, (ANH) Atrial Natriuretic Hormone
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