How long did it take for the population to grow from 5 billion to 6 billion?
Only 14 years
How many people are added to the population each year?
82 million
Why can rapidly growing populations be problematic for states?
It places increasing pressure on resources and state's abilities to govern...leads to resource scarcity, environmental degradation, and leads to ethnic, racial, and religious conflicts (which threaten domestic and international security)
Where is a child most likely to be born? Why?
In a developing nation, because that is where 80% of the population lives and where 98% of the world's population growth is occuring
How many children were born in 2002? How many were born in developed/industrialized nations?
130 million children were born, only 13 million children were born into developed nations
What organization claimed there would be a major transformation in the global population in 2002?
The Population Reference Bureau
Why is it unfortunate for a child to be born into a developing nation?
Things like war, famine, environmental degradation, diseases, and resource scarcity are all very common
Although there have been many advances in this field, what concept still has large disparities in developing nations?
IMR: Infant Mortality Rates
How is IMR (infant mortality rates) calculated?
The number of deaths of infants under the age of one years old (365 days) die out of 1000 births
What is the IMR in developed nations versus the world average in 2005?
6 out of every 1000 in developed nations as opposed to a world average of 54 out of 1000 in developing nations
What is the life expectancy of people in developed nations versus developing nations?
76 years in developed nations versus 65 in developing nations
How is CMR (child mortality rate) calculated?
How many children under age 5 die out of every 1000
What is the CMR (child mortality rate) in developed nations, what is it in developing nations?
10 out of every 1000 in developed nations
85 out of every 1000 in developing nations
What is the IMR, CMR, and life expectancy in Sub-Saharan Africa?
Infant Mortality Rate: 94 out of every 1000
Child Mortality Rate: 153 out of every 1000
Life expectancy: 48 years
What are some strong indicators of poverty in developing nations?
High rates of IMR (infant mortality), CMR (child mortality) and low life expectancy
What is the poorest country in the Americas and the Caribbean?
Haiti
What are the Haitian IMR, CMR, and Life Expectancy?
IMR: 80 per 1000
CMR: 11.2% --> 89 per 1000
Life expectancy: 52 years
What long-term factors indicate poverty in developed nations?
Development and the government's ability to support healthcare initiatives
What are some of the factors reinforced by poverty that make it so dangerous?
It limits adequate nutritional intake, also limits access to medicine, shelter, and sanitation
What do factors like war, refugee movements, and geographic interactions perpetuate?
Poor health and disease (especially infectious disease)
What is the primary infectious disease throughout developing nations?
HIV/AIDS
What area has been most affected by HIV/AIDS, what percentage of the world's HIV/AIDS positive population live in this region?
Sub-Saharan Africa...64% of the world AIDS population lives in Sub-Saharan Africa
What is the infection rate of HIV/AIDS in many parts of Sub-Saharan Africa?
One in 4 adults
What is the leading cause of death in developing nations?
Infectious and parasitic diseases like malaria, measles, and cholera
Why does population growth affect healthcare in developing nations?
It is difficult to maintain existing current resources and even more difficult to expand those resources to support high/growing demand
What is poor life expectancy associated with?
Illiteracy, poor nutrition, poor sanitation, unsafe drinking water, and crowding which creates environments for illness
What two reasons would growing populations have to impact resources?
Basic survival or advanced consumer durables
True or False: There is much disagreement over the association between population, resources, and environmental issues
True
What elements of society are closely linked with the stresses of population growth?
Poverty, issues with educational attainment, health, and the status of women
What are the agricultural stresses associated with rapid population growth?
Loss of cropland through overgrazing and land degradation, limited access to safe drinking water, and threatening water resources
What factors, other than rapid population growth, affect the stresses on agriculture?
Poor conservation practices or lax environmental regulations and pollution
What affects environmental degradation?
The amount of people and how much they consume and how their consumption alters the environment and existing political systems
What will increasingly affect domestic and international conflicts as well as political instability in terms of population?
Environmental scarcity
What affects most of the population of developing nation's well-being?
Local natural resources to provide food, energy, and income
What will many conflicts in the future arise from? How will this affect the developed world?
Scarcity of croplands, water and forests will cause conflicts in developing nations that will affect developed nations through trade and economic linkages, humanitarian involvement, and migrant or refugee flows
What will the "new face of war" of the future be?
Struggles for control of resources within a country or group of countries, often between opposing groups and ideologies
What is the significance of the uprising of insurgence of Zapatistas in Chiapas, Mexico in the late 1990s?
It was caused by rapid population growth, inequalities in land distribution, and changes in laws governing access to the land...this lead to further destabilization of the government, devaluation of the peso, and deep-seated concerns with American financial markets
What is the significance of ongoing conflict in Afghanistan between warlords, elected governments, and pro-Taliban forces?
They represent differences in religious and ethnic groups that raises concern over the spread of conflict into countries like Pakistan and other neighbors that share similar ethnicity and religious/ideological goals
What do conflicts in Indonesia and Fiji reflect?
A history of forced migrations (Indians to Fiji and Muslims out of Java in Indonesia) and the failure of subsequent governments to erase these tensions
What does violence in Darfur (a region of Southern Sudan) reflect?
Issues of racial and religious identity, competition for natural resources, and role of the government
Does resource scarcity affect regional or international conflicts more?
Regional
What resources are sources of conflict in the Middle East?
water rights or other resources, including gas, oil, and minerals
How can population pressures be relieved? Where has this proven to be successful? What are problems with this idea?
Through voluntary emigration...North America and Oceania were settled during times of high population growth in Europe...for child 6 Billion legal immigration opportunities are scarce
What is the problem with emigration to developed nations?
Developed nations have strict immigration laws and many people do not fit the strict guidelines (they don't have the money, education, or labor skills wanted by the developed nation)
What countries partially see themselves as "nations of immigrants"? Why is it "partially?"
USA, Australia, New Zealand, Canada
Partial because many nations like US and Canada have called for restricting immigration
What region is immigration opposed? Why?
Europe, European concerns with immigration and national identity have increased, provoking strong right-wing responses
Is more of the immigrant population entering countries legally or illegally?
Illegally
What are methods used by illegal immigrants?
Hiring smugglers, travelling through the Channel Tunnel between Britain and France in the undercarriage of trains, or living in cargo crates for weeks at a time while being smuggled abroad on tractor trailers or ships which is evidence of their desperation
What are Chinese and Mexican smugglers called?
Chinese: "snakeheads" and Mexican "coyotes"
How much would a "snakehead" charge an immigrant for passage into the US or Canada and a fake ID? How do they pay this price? What other price may they have to pay?
Upwards of $65,000...this may lead to indentured servitude for many years
They may also pay with their lives, dying of thirst, heat, and suffocation while locked in storage crates
How many immigrants died in the high-profile case of a Mexican cargo crate in May 2003? What did they die of?
19 people...died of thirst, suffocation, and heat
What is the UN definition of a refugee?
People who are outside their country of nationality and are unable to return owing to their fear of prosecution for reason of race, religion, nationality, or association with a political or social group
What were the major refugee producing countries in 2004?
Iraq, Afghanistan, Sierra Leon, Somalia, and Sudan (Darfur)
How many refugees and asylum seekers did the UNHCR believe existed in 2004?
Over 17 million
How did Western governments react to 9/11?
By tightening its refugee admissions policies
What is an internally displaced person (IDP) and how many of them exist in mid-2004? Are they protected by international laws?
An IDP is a person who is forced to relocate within their own country, with an estimated over 25 million IDPs. They are not protected by international laws and has little access to assistance
For much of human history was population growth fast or slow?
Slow, high birth rates with high death rates from famine, war, and disease kept population growth slow
When was the Bubonic Plague? How much of the population did it kill?
The 14th century, it wiped out 1/3rd of the European population
When did the world population begin to grow? Why?
The 1600s...grew through improvements in commerce, food production, and nutrition
What was the world population in the 1800s? When did it begin to grow?
1 Billion in 1900s, began to grow in the 1900s
What was the population growth between 1800 and 1900?
Population of Europe doubled, Population of North America multiplied by 12 (fueled by European immigration)
Did population grow rapidly or slowly in developing nations in the 1800s? How much of the population did it hold?
Population grew slowly, still held a majority of the world population
What was the world population in 1900? How much did it increase to in 1930?
1.7 Billion in 1900, increased to 2 Billion by 1930
How did world population grow from 1930 to the mid 2000s?
World population grew to 3 Billion in 1960
Grew to 4 Billion in by 1974
5 Billion by 1986
Mid-2000s population grew to 6.48 Billion
What percent of the total population of the world lives in urban areas?
What percent in developed nations? What percent in developing nations?
47%
41% in developing nations, 76% in developed nations
What percent of the world is expected to live in urban areas by 2030?
61%
How much will the number of cities in developing nations with more than one million people reach in 2015?
345 in 2000 to 480 by 2015
What is a megacities? How many megacities existed in 1985, how many existed in 2000, how many in 2015? Where will most of the new megacities be located?
A megacity is a city with more than ten million people
8 megacities in 1985, 18 in 2000, 22 in 2015
Most located in developing nations
What drives the growth of urban areas?
Natural increase, net rural-to-urban migration, and urban reclassification
What did the "population explosion" of the 1800s lead to in the 1900s?
shift from high to low mortality and high to low fertility known to demographers as the "demography transition" and formalized the demographic transition theory
Was the shift in fertility rates fast or slow?
Slow, because social shifts came slower than other shifts, although it did decrease when women entered the workforce, social patterns changed, and parents started placing larger value on their children (especially females)
What is the "total fertility rates"? How did this change in the 1900s?
The TFR is the average number of children a woman will have
In the US TFR dropped from an average of 4 to 5 in 1900 to about 2 children per woman in the 1930s ...followed soon after in Canada and Europe
Did fertility and death rates occur at the same rate in Africa, Latin America and Asia in the 1900s?
No, death and fertility were still both relatively high
What happened with growth rates after WWII in developing nations?
Population growth grew...mortality decreased because of more access to medicine (antibiotics and immunizations) although birth rates stayed the same (fertility still at 6 children per woman)
Why has there been a lag in the decrease of fertility rates in developing nations?
Differences in social, cultural, and religious expectations, lower literacy rates, lower female participation in the workforce, family and economic considerations, and the availability/acceptability of family-planning programs
What has lead to population growth in developed nations? Is this more of a regional or global problem?
Aging populations
Regional problem (of important consequence in places like Pakistan and India)
When was the peak of the world population growth?
The 1960s
What is the "current" fertility rate in developing nations? What percent does that lead to for increase? How often will the population double?
3.0 Children per woman in developing nations (except in Africa where the rate is 5.1)
1.5% growth rate
38 years including China, 46 years to double not including China
Why does a young population mean an increase in the population in the next 2 to 3 decades? What will this lead to in terms of population?
Most of the world's population has not started having children yet
7.9 Billion in 2025, between 7.3 Billion and 10.7 Billion in 2050
Where is the largest world population region?
Asia with 60.6%
What are the 3 assumptions about population growth?
1. Low mortality rates will increase population as people live longer
2. Age Structure is key (32% of the population of the developing world is under 15, 44% of Sub-Saharan Africa is under 15, whereas 17% of people in developing nations are under 15)
3. Most demographers expect that fertility rates will decrease eventually leading to a decrease in the population explosioin
What leads to uneven population distribution throughout the world?
Doubling times in Africa and other developing nations are much higher than in developed nations
What is replacement fertility?
2.1 children per woman will keep the population will stabilize the population
What has lead to lower population in China? Have other nations tried this technique?
The one child policy
India tried it with less success
How has population changed in countries like Congo, Burundi, Niger, Sierra Leone, and Somalia?
It hasn't. Fertility rates are still high (6.0) and death rates are still very high with only 52 years life expectancy
What are some criticisms of Transition Theory?
It does not account for social/religious/cultural/political circumstances in Africa, Latin America, and Asia
Why is the geographic perspective of population so important?
It provides a framework through which we can view population and the disciplinary concerns of population growth through space, regional variations, diffusion, place, and their role in human and natural population issues
When did geographers start studying population geography?
the 1950s
What do economic and cultural geography provide for population geography?
Provides insight into fertility, including seeing children as "labor" and "pensions" versus and the ability to provide less people with education or the expectations of society
Similarly these fields of geography give insight into conflicts that occur by bridging diasperate issues, enabling us to understand the interrelation of politics, resources, environment, and policy
What is frequently used as a template to mark the shift from high to low mortality and fertility along with the consequent population explosion as life expectancy and mortality rates improve?
Demographic transition
What Canadian province did the slowest decline of fertility rates occur? What was their fertility rate?
Did this ever change?
Quebec
Fertility Rate of 4
Yes, when there was a separation of church and state Quebec birth rates fell, and they initiated pronatal policies
When did developing nations begin to see a decline in mortality rate? How has this affected their TFRs?
1950s
We are still waiting for a decline it TFR in many developing nations
What is the range of birthrates throughout the world, where are they?
Niger 8.0
Poland and Czech Republic 1.2
What factors can lead to lower fertility rates in developed nations?
Access to legal abortion, child tax credits, or access to day care services
What is the UN's opinion on controlled fertility?
Couples should be allowed to decide on the amount and spacing of the children they have
Who said "the state has no place in the nation's bedrooms"
Pierre Elliot Trudeau
What can nations do to curb fertility rates?
Provide access to education about family planning and go as far as instilling the "one child policy" in China
What is the failure of demographic transition theory?
Failure to see changes regional cultural societies and mortality rates and fertility rates are generally viewed individually
Are international leaders able to agree on what the best population size is?
No
What is a "pronatalist" policy? What is antinatalist?
Pronatalist: One that encourages people to have children
Antinatalist: one taht discourages people from having children
What is the difficulties with pro/antinatalist policies?
They have unexpected outcomes
What was the state of population in prerevolutionary Russia? How did this affect people socially?
Low life expectancy: Just over 30 years
High infant mortality: 30%
Child Mortality: 50%
Families were large, early marriages (before age 20) and birth control was illegal. Remaining single was a disgrace and divorce was a sin
After the revolution in Russia, how were fertility rates affected?
Within 40 years of the revolution, fertility rates dropped to be on par with the rest of Europe
Who were the Hutterites?
A religious group in the US and Canada with large families....11 children average per family
What is fecundity?
The psychological ability of individuals to have children
What keeps African women from reaching their maximum fecundity?
Breastfeeding, abstinence after birth, and indigenous birth control techniques
What are John Bongaart's 4 variables of Fertility?
1. Proportion of the population that is married (marriage promotes fertility)
2. The proportion using contraceptives
3. The proportion of women who are infertile
4. The incidence of abortion
What was the "reproductive revolution"
When contraceptives became widely available
What is the percent of contraceptive use in the US? What about in (Eastern) Europe?
69% in the US
42% in Eastern Europe
Is contraceptive use high in Latin America, Asia, and Africa?
No, less than 10% of people use birth control in some areas
What is the traditional "birth control"?
Withdrawl
Why do some traditional societies oppose birth control?
They see it as an expression of the "lax moral Western values" even with the spread of AIDS
When do women in devloped nations start to use contraceptives? What about in developing nations?
In developed nations: in their late teens/early twenties to decide when to have a child, and after birth to have proper spacing
Developing nations: after wanted family size has been reached
What countries have the highest rate of abortion in the world? What are the stats? Why?
Russia and China
Russia: 31 per 100, China 55 per 100
In Russia having an abortion is easier than finding contraceptives
What are some other types of birth control used around the world (besides medicines)?
Breast feeding (lowers but does not stop) pregnancy for 21 months
Sterilization (usually in developed nations after desired family size is achieved)
What is Richard Easterlin's "supply and demand framework" in terms of population control? Is this considered a good theory?
With modernization and industrialization making death rates lower, people will realize they are having more children than they can afford and will have less children
No, there are nations that have low development and declining birth rates
Why are children considered "luxury items"?
Investment: cost of clothes, food, education, etc
Opportunity costs: forgone investments or purchase of goods
What is the "quality" versus "quantity" tradeoff in birthrates?
Having less children and investing more time/resources into that child rather than having many and giving each of them less
How did family size ideas diffuse through society? Is spatial distribution of this idea smooth?
From urban to rural areas and from high income to low income groups
Not smooth
What causes ideas to diffuse slowly?
Rural areas have less transportation and infrastructure, religious ideologies/cultural practices
When did China enact the 1 child
1979
How did China institute the one child policy?
Combination of social pressures, propaganda, local political activism, coercion, increased availability of contraception and family planning, and a series of economic incentives/disincentives (cash bonuses, one child families were given preference in school admission, housing, job applications, and employment in urban areas)...in rural areas one child families were given the same food rations/land plots as 2 child families
Disincentives: if you had another child you had to repay all of the benefits you recieved
What did the One Child Policy do to the fertility rate in China?
Brought it from 7 to 1.6
What are some critiques of the One Child Policy?
-High value of boys in Society
-Female infanticide/abuse of women who had female children
-Uneven amount of boys and girls in China
-Women were less likely to see a doctor if they were pregnant with another child and had high risk of death
What other aspects of family planning could have affected the lowered fertility rates in china?
-delayed marriage
-longer spacing between births
How did Indian population restrictions differ from China?
Put in place in 1953
Thought of population control as a long-term goal
Less support toward family-planning clinics
Legalized abortion and financial incentives that made sterilization more socially
acceptable among the poor
Took away maternity benefits to women after their third child
Enforced sterilization program in 1976
What was the problem with the forced sterilization program in India in 1976? How many people were sterilized?
Bribery/Coercion
Most sterilized people were older men who already reached their desired family size
Brought about the defeat of Indira Gandhi (showed that opposition to this could hurt the government)
22 million people
What did the Indian fertility rate drop to in the 1980s? What is it currently?
4.75
3.0
How has the government spread the importance of small families in poor parts of India?
Through the radio, television, and other forms of communication that stress the importance of small families
What is the "National Population Policy 2000?"
Aim to reduce the TFR to 2.1 by 2010 and stabilize the population by 2045
Even though sterilization in the Indian government has backed off, what are states doing to promote sterilization?
Incentives of coercion of loans, land, and housing to entice people
What are problems with small family incentives in India?
Anti-girl policies
Classicism (rich families have less children)
Areas with less population have less seats in government than those with higher populations
Are government incentives enough to curb population control?
No, you also need cultural and social support
What is a baby boomer? What caused the baby boom? What were birth rates?
Children born in 1946 to 1964
Occurred after WWII and came from a longing to have children during the Great Depression
3.58 Children
What percentage of the US is over the age of 65 in 2005?
12%
Who is Ester Boserup?
a Danish economist that claimed that population growth triggered economic development
True or False: People over 75 have a disproportional amount of healthcare costs
True
Since the 1970s, what population has the highest pronatalist policies? How?
Eastern Europe
Financial birth incentives and reduced ability to get contraceptives/abortions
How are profertility campaigns marketed?
Prowomen, profamilies, and antipoverty
Why are Jewish people concerned about fertility rates in the Gaza strip and West Bank?
Palestinians (although educated) have high birth rates of 5-6 where Jewish people only have a 2.4 birthrate, they fear they will overtake them
What organization has been the largest contributor to family planning?
The USAID (US Agency for Internal Development)
What is the "global gag rule"?
A rule that prevents the US from giving money to overseas organizations that use their own money to provide abortions or lobby for changes to abortion laws
What is the maternal mortality rate in Sub-Saharan Africa? What about in developing nations?
920 maternal deaths per 100,000
Less than 20
What is one of the leading causes of hospitalizations in women in Nicaragua?
Unsafe abortions, upward of 8% of maternal births are from this
What is the leading cause of death in girls worldwide?
Pregnancy related complications
How much higher is female mortality in pregnancies under age 17?
4 times higher
After family planning was introduced in the 1980s, what percent of Iranian married women used birth control?