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Name the different types of radiation and what form they travel in.
- 1. Alpha: Particle
- 2. Beta: Particle
- 3. Gamma: Wave
- 4. Neutron: Particle
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What type of shielding stops an Alpha Particle?
Paper, skin, clothing, etc.
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What type of shielding stops a Beta Particle?
Plastic, glass, light metals, etc.
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What type of shielding stops Gamma Radiation (Wave)?
Concrete, water, oil, polyethylene
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What type of shielding stops a Neutron Particle?
Lead, concrete, earth.
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How are nuclear blasts classified?
Location of the fireball with respect to the surface of the Earth.
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What constitutes a High Altitude Blast and what are some effects?
- 1. 100,000ft and above
- 2. EMP damage
- 3. Satellite blackout
- 4. Flash blindness
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What constitutes an Air Burst and what are some effects?
- 1. Below 100,000ft; fireball doesn't touch the surface of the Earth.
- 2. EMP/TREE damage
- 3. Blackout
- 4. Initial Radiation
- 5. Thermal Radiation
- 6. Flash Blindness
- 7. Blast/Shockwave
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What constitutes a Surface Burst and what are some effects?
- 1. At or slightly above the surface of the Earth.
- 2. Fallout
- 3. Initial Radiation
- 4. Radioactive Pool
- 5. Blackout
- 6. EMP/TREE Damage
- 7. Blast/Shockwave
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What does TREE stand for and what are the effects?
- 1. Transient Radiation Effects on Electronics
- 2. Caused by the Initial Radiation
- 3. Temporary (transient) or permanent
- 4. Neutron/Gamma radiation disrupts controlling currents & voltages.
- 5. Creates ionization of electrical components.
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What is the breakdown of energy in a fission reaction?
- 1. EMP - 1%
- 2. Initial Radiation - 4%
- 3. Residual Radiation - 10%
- 4. Thermal Radiation -35%
- 5. Blast - 50%
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What part of the sequence of events for a nuclear blast concerns the DCA the most?
Residual Radiation
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What are the potential effects of an Air Blast on a ship?
- 1. Hull & superstructure damage
- 2. Capsize
- 3. Missile Hazards
- 4. Internal Injuries
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What are the potential effects of an Underwater Burst on a ship?
- 1. Hull & framing deformation
- 2. Shaft & Piping Misalignment
- 3. Missile Hazards
- 4. Shock
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What are the potential effects of a Radioactive Pool on a ship?
Difficult to predict
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What are the potential effects of Fallout/Residual Radiation on a ship?
- 1. Principle Concern for a ship.
- 2. Exposure lasts until three conditions are met:
- a. Radioactive decay @ safe level
- b. Contamination is removed
- c. Individual move to a safe area
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What are the potential effects of an EMP on a ship?
- 1. Overload circuitry
- 2. Electrical shock
- 3. Hardwired electronic equipment failure
- 4. Computer program failure
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How does radiation enter the body?
- 1. Breathing (inhalation)
- 2. Eating/Drinking (ingestion)
- 3. Absorption through skin (absorption)
- 4. Penetrated energy (penetration)
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What are some signs/symptoms of exposure?
- 1. Nausea
- 2. Vomiting
- 3. Diarrhea
- 4. Redness of skin
- 5. Radiation burns
- 6. Hair loss
- 7. Mental status change
- 8. Seizures
- 9. Coma
- 10. Death
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At what exposure level do personnel generally start to feel the affects?
150-300 rads
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How do you treat radiation exposure?
- 1. Treat conventional injuries first
- 2. Stabilize the individual
- 3. Decontaminate after
- 4. Obtain a Complete Blood Count (CBC) every 6 hours
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What are some ways to mitigate the effects of a nuclear attack?
- 1. Severe Weather Bill
- 2. Ship maneuvering
- 3. Deep shelter
- 4. CMWDS
- 5. Material condition Zebra
- 6. Individual Protective Equipment (IPE)
- 7. Avoid topside during a blast
- 8. Issue dosimeters (MOPP II)
- 9. Crew rotation
- 10. Circle William
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What constitutes a Whole Body Dose?
A dose that covers Neck to Hips (with Vital Organs including Eyes)
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What dose level is considered fatal?
10,000 rad Whole Body Dose
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What is the shelf life and calibration requirement for the IM-270/PD (SICD) Self Indicating Casualty Dosimeter?
- 1. 10 year shelf life
- 2. 8 year calibration requirement
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What is the detection range of the IM-270/PD (SICD) Self Indicating Casualty Dosimeter?
- 1. 10-1,000 rads in 1 rad increments with real-time LCD readout.
- 2. Measures X-Ray and Gamma ray radiation.
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What does the IM-270/PD (SICD) detect?
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What is the detection range of the DT-680/PDQ Gamma/Beta Probe?
1. 1.0 mR/hr to 1,000 R/hr.
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What does the DT-680/PDQ Probe detect?
- 1. Beta (Slide Open)
- 2. Gamma
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What is the calibration requirement of the IM-265/PDQ RADIAC meter?
36 months (IM-266/PDQ is 12 months)
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What is the detection range of the IM-265/PDQ RADIAC meter?
- 1. 0-1,000 mR/hr
- 2. 0-1,000 R/hr
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What does the IM-265/PDQ RADIAC meter detect?
1. Gamma only
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What are the top, most common, issues with the IM-265/PDQ RADIAC meter?
- 1. It's missing
- 2. They're out of calibration
- 3. Batteries are corroded
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What are the ship distance vulnerabilities when mitigating nuclear effects?
- 1. Yield
- 2. Type of Burst (Type of Radiation)
- 3. Height/Depth of burst
- 4. Ship's Hardness
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What is a hot spot?
Area where level of radioactivity is two or more times that of the surrounding area.
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Who is on a survey and monitoring team?
- 1. Team Leader
- 2. Recorder
- 3. Messenger
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What does the survey and monitoring team carry with them?
- 1. RADIAC Meter and Probe
- 2. Dosimeters
- 3. Protective Clothing
- 4. Survey Forms
- 5. CBRD Marking Kit
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What is the composition of a topside decontamination team?
- 1. One Team Leader
- 2. 2-4 Hosemen
- 3. 4-6 Scrubbers
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What is the order of decontamination for topside decon?
- 1. Top to Bottom
- 2. Forward to Aft
- 3. Windward to Leeward
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What are the five types of radiological surveys?
- 1. On Station Monitoring
- 2. Rapid Internal Survey
- 3. Rapid External Survey
- 4. Supplementary
- 5. Detailed
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What is MPE?
- 1. Maximum permissible exposure; the basis personnel rotation.
- 2. Set at 150 rads.
- 3. CO can authorize change.
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What is the purpose of a radiological plot?
A graphical representation of fallout from a nuclear detonation.
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What are the two types of nomogram?
- 1. Fallout Decay (three column)
- 2. Total Dose (five columns)
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When filling out a survey form, how many spots are left clear to document hot spots?
2
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What is the main concern when a dirty bomb is set off?
Prolonged exposure from fallout.
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What are some potential effects on the human body?
- 1. Break DNA chain
- 2. Cell death
- 3. Irreparable damage
- 4. Cell mutations
- 5. Cell reproduction ceases
- 6. Cancer
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What can a dirty bomb explosion result in (societal effects)?
- 1. Panic
- 2. Mass casualties with difficult injuries
- 3. Medical facilities overloaded
- 4. Contamination issues
- 5. Gridlock
- 6. Public services disrupted
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What is a RDD?
Conventional explosive that is coupled with radioactive material.
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What are some key actions at MOPP 0?
Sizing and issue of CBRN IPE
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What are some key actions at MOPP 1?
- 1. Conduct operational inspection of all RAD Detection and monitoring systems.
- 2. Equip all personnel with protective masks in carriers.
- 3. Inventory stowed RAD detection equipment, decon supplies, and draw replacement items from Supply.
- 4. Check calibration and OPTEST RADIAC's.
- 5. Review CBR Defense Bill, verify personnel assignments.
- 6. Set Readiness Condition III & Material Condition YOKE.
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What are some key actions at MOPP 2?
- 1. Protective mask is in carrier and worn on person.
- 2. Issue dosimeters.
- 3. Pre-position DECON supplies in DECON stations and Repair Lockers IAW CBR Bill.
- 4. OPTEST CMWDS and Chemical Alarm.
- 5. Set material Readiness Condition MOD Z.
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What are some key actions at MOPP 3?
- 1. GQ, Set ZEBRA
- 2. Strike below all nonessential porous, absorbent, & flammable material
- 3. All non-essential personnel proceed to Deep Shelter.
- 4. Fill pre-positioned canteens with potable water.
- 5. Activate primary decon stations and CCA's & assure operability.
- 6. Post & monitor detection equipment & materials designated by CBR Bill.
- 7. Activate CMWDS intermittently (every 15 min).
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What are some key actions at MOPP 4?
- 1. Don protective mask.
- 2. Set Circle William.
- 3. Send as many individuals as possible to Deep Shelter.
- 4. Initiate continuous monitoring & operation of Detection Equipment.
- 5. Activate CMWDS continuously.
- 6. Secure non-essential equipment & sea suctions if appropriate.
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What are the four methods of exposure reduction?
- 1. Shielding
- 2. Time
- 3. Distance
- 4. Transfer
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When can decontamination commence?
After fallout ceases.
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What are two key facts that must be considered when conducting radiological decon?
- 1. Decon doesn't destroy radiation.
- 2. Goal is to restore object to use.
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What is the definition of a hot spot?
An area having an intensity two or more times that of the surrounding area.
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What are some materials that are likely to product hot spots?
- 1. Cordage
- 2. Rust
- 3. Scale
- 4. Water
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What's the purpose and what happens during on station monitoring?
- 1. Conducted prior to the cessation of Fallout.
- 2. Monitor and report Gamma intensities at time intervals determined by the DCA.
- 3. Beta checks to check for ship infiltration.
- 4. DCA determines locations: e.g. Repair Lockers, CIC, etc.
- 5. Used to determine Tc.
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What's the purpose and what happens during a Rapid Internal Survey?
- 1. Performed immediately after cessation of fallout.
- 2. Provides indication of the location & severity of hazards at specific internal areas.
- 3. External stations monitored from inside the ship.
- 4. Survey locations predetermined, marked, and listed in the CBRD Bill.
- a. Vent Ducts
- b. Weatherdeck doors/hatches
- c. Sea Chests
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What's the purpose and what happens during a Rapid External Survey?
- 1. Performed directly following the Rapid Internal Survey.
- 2. Also known as "gross external survey."
- 3. Intended to obtain more precise radiation levels topside at vital stations.
- 3. Monitoring teams don't stop to locate, mark, and isolate hot spots. Only gathering accurate measurements at action and vital stations.
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What's the purpose and what happens during a Supplemental Survey?
- 1. Performed upon:
- a. Completion of decon air purge
- b. Dosimeter measurements not matching predicted dose.
- c. Watch section rotation
- 2. Intended to:
- a. Confirm/revise stay times
- 2. Localize hot spots for decon
- 1. Messing/Berthing/Fan Rooms (leave dosimeters)
- 2. Assess contamination of food, water, & interior air
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What's the purpose and what happens during a Detailed Survey?
- 1. Performed:
- a. At the request of the CO
- b. If the tactical situation permits
- 2. Intended to:
- a. Cover shipwide or specific areas
- b. Cover any area in which measured dosages exceed predicted levels by more than 25%.
- c. Prior to entering repair facility if industrial decon is ordered.
- 3. Notes:
- a. Accuracy is more important than speed.
- b. Utilize the grid map method.
- c. Divide the ship into one square grid squares.
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What are the four marking plates and what size are they?
- 1. Chemical
- 2. Biological
- 3. Radiological
- 4. Unexploded Munition
- 5. 8" x 11.5" x 8"
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What is the criteria for Time of Arrival (Ta)?
- 1. First plotted reading in a steady rise.
- 2. Twice the normal background reading.
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What is the criteria for Time of Peak (Tp)?
1. Highest plotted intensity following Ta.
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What is the criteria for Time of Cessation (Tc)?
1. First of three plotted readings in a steady decay that forms a straight downward diagonal line.
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What is the definition of H hour?
- 1. Instant of weapon detonation.
- 2. If unknown, log-log plot is based on assumed time.
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What is an acute dose?
Dose received in a period less than 24 hours.
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What is a chronic dose?
Dose received in a period greater than 24 hours.
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Where can you find the specific Transmission Factors for your ship?
- 1. NSTM 070
- 2. Ship's DC Book
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What value is used as normal background radiation reading?
10 R/hr
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What is the intensity at H+60, otherwise known as Standard Intensity?
R1
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What must be known if before you can solve any nomogram problem?
R1
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What information can be found using a nomogram?
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What does RADIAC stand for?
- RAdiation
- Detection
- Indication
- And
- Computation
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What are some considerations with Topside Decontamination?
- 1. Manpower intensive
- 2. Complete coverage
- 3. Crew rotation
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When decontaminating personnel, what is the purpose of the CCA?
- 1. Temporary Storage Area
- 2. Clothing bagged and tagged
- a. Stored for 24 hours prior to laundering
- b. Near the CCA
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What are the phases of a dirty bomb explosion?
- 1. Initial Explosion
- 2. Fallout
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