DCASE - Unit 6a - Chemical/Biological Warfare

Finely divided particles of liquids or solids that are suspended in air and which behave as a gas.

• 1. Bacteria
• 2. Rickettsiae
• 3. Viruses
• 4. Fungi
• 5. Protozoa
• 6. Prions

• 1. Bacteria
• 2. Viruses

• 1. Aerosol spray
• 2. Direct contact
• 3. Food and water
• 4. Vectors

• 1. Personal hygiene
• 2. Area sanitation
• 3. Immunizations up to date
• 4. MCU-2/P mask
• 5. JSLIST (Joint Interservice Light Weight Integrated Suit Technology) and CBR IPE

• 1. Locate, Mark, and Isolate areas of concentration.
• 2. Colored signs with grease pencil info on the back.
• 3. Hang the signs to prevent access to contaminated area

• 1. Team Leader
• 2. 2 Surveyors
• 3. Messenger/Marker

• 1. 1 Sampler (Team Lead)
• 2. 1 Assistant Sampler
• 3. 1 Boundaryman/Packager

• 1. Team Leader
• 2. 2-4 Hosemen
• 3. 4-6 Scrubbers
•      a. Can be augmented with surveyors & monitors after monitoring is complete

• 1. Smaller payload required
•      a. Deadlier than nerve agents
• 2. Greater area coverage
•      a. Downwind hazard = 150nm
• 3. Limited detection capability
• 4. Little to no medical protection

• 1. Mycotoxins (Fungi)
• 2. Bacterial
• 3. Algal (from algae)
• 4. Animal (venoms)
• 5. Plant

• 1. Infectious Agents (Pathogens) - Bacterial or virus
• 2. Toxins - Non-living, comes from plants or animals

• 1. DCA with the XO
•      a. Personal hygiene and area sanitation.
• 2. DCA with the XO and Medical
•      a. Immunizations up to date and vaccines/immunizations not expired
• 3. Training

• 1. Don Individual Protection
•      a. MCU-2/P Mask
•      b. JSLIST and CBR IPE
• 2. Activate Shipboard Protective Measures
•      a. Avoidance
•      b. Circle William
•      c. CMWD
•      d. CPS

• 1. Decontaminate personnel (showers)
• 2. Decontaminate the ship
•      a. HTH (Primary)
•      b. Soap & Water (Secondary)
• 3. Decontaminate Food
•      a. Prepared (discard)
•      b. Unopened (if possible)
• 4. Decontaminate Water
• 5. Quarantine Potentially Exposed Personnel

HTH

Counter Measure Washdown

• 1. Position 1 - JSLIST Overgarment Removal
• 2. Position 2 - Trouser and Overboot Removal
• 3. Position 3 - Gloves (Outer Shell Only) Removal

• 1. Position 4 - Removal of inner clothing (all clothing being worn)
• 2. Position 5 - Thorough shower (potable or salt)

• 1. Positon 6 - Doffing of mask if clear (CO permission)
•      a. Check by medical personnel
•      b. Get issued clothing
•      c. Contamination purge lock for CPS decontamination stations

• 1. 1 Triage Officer
• 2. 2 Corpsman
• 3. 3 Decon Personnel
• 4. 8 Cutters
• 5. 2 Senior Corpsman
• 6. 1 Non-Medical Attendant (NMA)
• 7. (Optional) Master at Arms

• 1. 1 Team Leader
• 2. 1-2 Cutters
• 3. 1 Medical Dept. Rep
• 4. 1 Monitor
• 5. (Optional) Master at Arms

• 1. Fresh Air: 60 days
• 2. CW Environment: 30 days

• 1. 5 Year Shelf Life
• 2. 45 out of 120 Day wear time
• 3. 24 hours in a contaminated environment

• 1. Standoff
•      a. Provides advanced warning
•      b. Source: Intel
• 2. Point
•      a. Identify the physical arrival of chemical agents at designated location
•      b. Sources: IPDS-LR (Automatic), M8/M9 Paper (Manual)
• 3. Monitoring
•      a. Establishes the presence or absence of a chemical agent in vapor form in the atmosphere or in liquid form on a surface.
•      b. Source: M8/M9 paper, M256-A1/A2, Draeger Tubes

• 1. M8 - 20 sec
• 2. M9 - <10 sec

Virus because they can get through our filters.

A microorganism that is capable of producing disease.

• 1. Low Agent Concentrations Required
• 2. Delayed Effects
• 3. Pervasive
• 4. Difficult to Detect
• 5. Easy to Produce
• 6. Does Not Destroy Material
• 7. Highly Weather Dependent

• 1. Sunlight = Death (UV)
• 2. Temperature > 170°f Generally Kills
• 3. Humidity Needed for Longer Life
• 4. Wind Affects Dispersal
• 5. Rain Washes Agents Out

150nm

• 1. Non-living organism.
• 2. Chemical compounds of biological origin that may be lethal, when inhaled or ingested, or incapacitating on skin contact…by-products of living organisms, or their lab-produced synthetic equivalents.

The amount of biological or chemical agent administered (or received) per body weight, in a given period of time.

A minimum number of organisms (pathogens) required to produce infection in a human host.

• 1. The dose at which a “normal person” is expected to die.
• 2. LD50 – Median Lethal Dose. Dose at which 50% of exposed, unprotected personnel are expected to die.
• 3. LD100 – Dose at which 100% of exposed, unprotected personnel are expected to die.

• 1. Deadlier than Chemical Nerve Agents
•      a. Up to 100 times
• 2. Variable Persistencies
•      a. Short or long
• 3. Easy to produce
•      a. Stable
•      b. Long term storage
• 4. Dual use equipment
•      a. Production
•      b. Dissemination

• 1. Aerosol Spray
•      a. Line Source
• 2. Munitions
•      a. Point Source
•      b. Multiple Point Source

• 1. Naturally Occurring
• 2. Artificially Produced
• 3. Genetic Engineering
• 4. Laboratory Synthesis

• 1. Joint Biological Point Detection System (JBPDS)
• 2. Dry Filter Unit (DFU) with Hand Held Assays (HHA)
• 3. Biological Response Kit (BRK) with Hand Held Assays (HHA)
• 4. Joint Biological Identification and Diagnostic System (JBAIDS)

• 1. Presumptive ID (e.g. DFU/BRK & HHA)
• 2. Confirmatory ID (e.g. Med Lab with JBAIDS)
• 3. Definitive ID (Shore Facility)

• a. 12 hours of continuous detection, collection, and identification of Biological Warfare Agents.
• b. Also allows for rapid detection, collection and identification of unknown biological events in less than 20 minutes.

• 1. All Ships:
•      a. Quarterdeck Area in Foreign Port & During Transit of Straits/Rivers
•      b. Flight Deck or Helo Hangar in Foreign Port or while at Sea
•      c. Mail Room while Overseas
•      d. Decon Stations
•      e. CPS Fan Rooms
• 2. Amphibious Ships:
•      a. Troop Passageways & Well Deck Areas during Marine & Material Onload

• 1. Allow a minimum 15 minute run time before testing.
•      a. 15 minutes – 12 hours: Collect sample at 12 hour mark from DFU filters
•      b. 2 min: Allow for sample prep using DFU Kit
•      c. 15 min: Presumptive Identification using HHA’s
•      d. Transport sample to LAB for Confirmatory Sample

• 1. 4 types
• 2. 10 of each

Disrupts the transmission of nerve impulses and produce systemic effects.

(Vesicant) Can produce both damage to body tissue in the area of contact, causing severe pain, and systemic effects.

Attack an enzyme that is important in the transfer of oxygen from the bloodstream to the cells of the body, causing cells to be starved for oxygen (anoxia).

Causes lungs to fill with fluid, producing an oxygen deficiency (anoxia) and severe systemic effects.

Suppresses or overstimulates the central nervous system.

Synthetic products similar to chemicals released by the central nervous system in response to strong emotional stimulus.

Riot control agent causing a series of symptoms from eye irritation to vomiting (e.g. OC Spray).

Riot control agent which causes tears to flow and may also irritate the skin, especially moist parts of the body.

• 1. Higher Concentrations Required
• 2. Immediate Effects
• 3. Less Pervasive
• 4. Difficult to Detect
• 5. Easy to Produce
• 6. Highly Weather Dependent
• 7. Temperature Influences Volatility
• 8. Wind Affects Dispersal
• 9. Rain Prevents Some Absorption

35nm

• 1. Aerosol Spray
•      a. Line Source
• 2. Munitions
•      a. Point Source
•      b. Multi Point Source

• 1. G Series: Tabin (GA), Sarin (GB) and, Soman (GD)
• 2. V Series: VX, VR-55

• 1. Pyridostigmine Bromide (PB) pills
• 2. 1 blister pack of 21 pills per person. 1 pill every 8 hours.

• 1. Atropine Sulfate (Atropine)
•      a. 3 auto injectors (2mg each)
•      b. Remaining 10 mg in ampoules maintained by medics
• 2. Pralidoxime Chloride (2 pam Cl)
•      a. 3 auto injectors 300mg each
• 3. CANA (Diazepam, Valium) injectors administered by Medical.

• 1. A broad spectrum skin decontamination product personal use after exposure or suspected exposure to certain nerve agents, blister agents.
•      a. 3 individually packaged sponges per pack.
•      b. Authorization is 138% SMD
•      c. 1 pack per person
•      d. 33% for training

• 1. Protect Yourself
•      a. Stop breathing & don mask
•      b. Remove any liquid or skin contamination (RSDL)
• 2. Protect Others
•      a. Sound alarm
•      b. Mask Victim
• 3. Identify Symptoms
•      a. Mild case in self
•      b. Severe case in others
• 4. Treat symptoms accordingly (Buddy Aid/Self Aid)
•      a. Self: 1 Atropine/2 pam-Cl, wait 10-15 min. Administer remaining 2 if symptoms persist
•      b. Buddy: All 3 Atropine/2 pam-Cl
• 5. Report locations of injured
• 6. Move injured if time permits
• 7. Continue with mission

• 1. Protect Yourself
•      a. Stop breathing & don mask
•      b. Remove any liquid (RSDL)
•      c. Remove from eyes by flushing with water
• 2. Protect Others
•      a. Sound alarm
•      b. If contaminated report to CCA
•      c. Treatment same as conventional chemical burns
• 3. Continue with mission
• 4. Additional Medical Action
•      a. Antibiotics, rest & ointments

• 1. Protect Yourself
•      a. Stop breathing & don mask
• 2. Protect Others
•      a. Sound alarm
•      b. Buddy Aid
•      c. Report to Decon Station upon exposure
• 3. Additional Medical Treatment (if available)
•      a. Assisted Ventilation, methemglobin, sodium nitrite, triphosphate, oxygen, antibiotics
• 4. Continue with mission

• 1. Protect Yourself
•      a. Stop breathing & don mask
• 2. Protect Others
•      a. Sound alarm
•      b. Place casualty in upright seated position
•      c. Report to Decon Station
• 3. Additional Medical Treatment (if available)
•      a. Steroids (Corticosteroids), Rest, Oxygen, Antibiotics
• 4. Continue with mission

• 1. Neurotoxin (Systemic Central Nervous System Effects, Botulinum Toxin, Tetanus Toxin, and Saxitoxin)
• 2. Cytotoxin (Cell Destruction, Ricin Toxin)
•      a. Necrotoxin (skin cells)
•      b. Hemotoxin (blood cells)
• 3. Enterotoxin (food poisoning, Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B (SEB))
• 4. Dermatoxin (skin damage, tricothecene mycotoxins)

• 1. Prohibits:
•      a. Development, production, acquisition, stockpiling, retention or transfer of chemical weapons
•      b. Use of chemical weapons
•      c. Engagement in Military preparations to use weapons
• 2. Allows:
•      a. Research & development for industrial, agricultural, medical or pharmaceutical activity
•      b.Defensive research related to the protection against chemical weapons
•      c. Agents used for riot control purposes (Riot Control Agents – RCA)

• 1. Prohibits:
•      a. Offensive research
•      b. Stockpiling agents
•      c. Development of weapons systems
•      d. Use under any conditions
• 2. Allows:
•      a. Defensive research
•      b. Stockpiling of Antidotes

• 1. MOPP 0 - No MOPP
• 2. MOPP 1 - Suspected Threat
• 3. MOPP 2 - Possible Threat
• 4. MOPP 3 - Probable Threat
• 5. MOPP 4 - Imminent Threat

Mission Oriented Protective Posture

• 1. Blister Agent - Vapor
• 2. Nerve Agent - Vapor
• 3. Blood Agent - Vapor

• 1. Blister Agent - Vapor/Liquid/Solid (A2 only)
• 2. Nerve Agent -  Vapor/Liquid/Solid (A2 only)
• 3. Blood Agent -  Vapor/Liquid

• 1. Blister Agent - Liquid
• 2. Nerve Agent - Liquid

Chapter 7

• 1. Advise the CO on all matters concerning CBRD
• 2. Supervise CBRD Training
• 3. Propose suitable battle problems to evaluate the crew
• 4. Be responsible for the custody and issuance of all CBRD equipment not maintained by other departments
• 5. Designate and ensure decon stations are equipped
• 6. Supervise training of DCTT in combat of a CBR casualty
• 7. Maintain stock of personnel detection and decon equipment
• 8. Log issuance of personnel dosimeters
• 9. ***CBR efforts shall not impair efforts to control immediate hazards of major damage, fire or flood.
• 10. Establish CBRD coordination with embarked units

NTTP 3-20.31 Appendix B

• 1. Water
• 2. Blood Agents

• 1. Personnel and Patient (Immediate)
•      a. Self/Buddy Aid
• 2. Limited Operational (Operational)
•      a. Mission essential areas; prevent the spread
• 3. Operationally Complete (Thorough)
•      a. Highest level a ship can obtain; reduces MOPP level
• 4. Chemically Complete (Clearance) Decontamination
•     a. All contamination removed; industrial facility

• 1. Physical Removal
•      a. CMWD System (#1 method)
•      b. Fire hose flush
•      c. Scrubbing
• 2. Natural Decay
•      a. Weathering
• 3. Chemical Neutralization
•      a. Calcium Hypochlorite (HTH)

• 1. HTH Solution (IAW NSTM 470)
• 2. GP Cleaner
• 3. Soap and Water (#1 for people and sensitive electronics equipment)

• 1. Gross Decon Area
• 2. Outer Clothing Undressing Area
• 3. Inner Clothing Undressing Area

Triage, Decon, and Treat

• 1. Before the Attack:
•      a. Set Circle William
• 2. After the Attack:
•      a. Leave contaminated area
•      b. Test Intakes - Perform Operational Decon (as necessary)
•      c. Relax Circle William
•      d. Purge Ship (Rule of 6)
•      e. Retest with M256A2 to confirm decon is complete.
•      f. If all clear, initiate unmasking procedures (Per CO direction)

• Sizing and issue of CBRN Individual Protective Equipment (IPE)
•      a. With exception of masks, maintained in storerooms, workspaces, etc.

• 1. Inventory of CBR equipment
• 2. Verify CBRN teams identified
• 3. Conduct CBRN training

• 1. Issue Mask/Carrier (wear)
• 2. Designate decon stations
• 3. Preposition CBR equipment
• 4. Operational test of CMWDS
• 5. Operational test of alarms

• 1. Install new mask canisters
• 2. Don JSLIST trousers and smock
• 3. Don protective overboots
• 4. Initiate PB (if directed)
• 5. Set General Quarters
• 6. Set Material Condition Zebra
• 7. Activate CMWDS intermittently (every 15 min)
• 8. Strike below all porous materials

• 1. Sound alarm
• 2. Don mask, hood, and gloves
• 3. Implement mandatory water drinking
• 4. Set Circle William
• 5. Initiate continuous monitoring
• 6. Continuous CMWD

• 1. Solid/Thick - Persistent - Possible DW hazard
• 2. Liquid - >24 hrs - Probably DW hazard
• 3. Gas/Vapor - Non persistent to <24 hours - Definite DW hazard

• 1. Level I (Shelter Envelope)
•      a. Safe Haven
•      b. Berthing, messing, sanitary, battle dressing for 40% of crew
• 2. Level II (Min. Operational Envelope)
•      a. Surprise Attack
•      b. Also key operational areas/mission critical
• 3. Level III (Max. Operational Envelope)
•      a. All mission areas except troops & aircraft

• 1. Toxic free environment
• 2. Total Protection vs. liquid, solid, and gaseous CBR agents
• 3. Personnel safe without protective clothing or masks

4 years

• 1. Pre-Filter (sock)
• 2. HEPA Filter
• 3. Carbon Filter

Fruity or camphor smell

• 1. Sudden headache
• 2. Reduced vision
• 3. Unexplained runny nose
• 4. Drooling
• 5. Difficulty breathing
• 6. Stomach cramps
• 7. Nausea
• 8. Muscular twitching

• 1. Strange/Confused Behavior
• 2. Gurgling Sounds
• 3. Pinpointed Pupils
• 4. Red Eyes/Tears
• 5. Vomiting
• 6. Severe Muscle Twitching
• 7. Involuntary Urination & Defecation
• 8. Convulsions
• 9. Breathing Stopped

Note: Death can occur in as little as 15 min!

Mustard Agent

Arsenicals

Urticants

• 1. Hydrogen Cyanide
•      a. Capital punishment
• 2. Cyanogen Chloride
•      a. Union Carbide

Hydrogen Cyanide

• 1. Phosgene
• 2. Chlorine

Choking agents

• 1. Palliative/Supportive Treatment for Symptoms
• 2. Intensive Care - Life Support

• 1.Nerve (skin and inhalation hazard)
•      a. G-series (Sarin, Soman, Tabun)
•      b. V-series (VX and others)
• 2.Blister (skin and inhalation hazard)
•      a. H-series (Mustards)
•      b. L- series (Arsenicals)
•      c. CX (Urticants)
• 3.Blood (inhalation hazard)
•      a. Hydrogen Cyanide (AC)
•      b. Cyanogen Chloride (CK)
• 4.Choking (inhalation hazard)
•      a. Phosgene (CG)
•      b. Chlorine (CL)

• 1. Preparatory (MOPP 0-3)
• 2. Attack (MOPP 4)
• 3. Recovery

• 1. Non-CPS ships
•      a. CO can authorize if:
•           1. No liquid contamination present
•           2. No blister vapors present
• 2. CPS ships
•      a. Be cautious of hull penetrations

The relative ability of infectious agents to produce disease

Foreign substance capable of producing immune response when introduced into a host (i.e. toxins, bacteria, etc.).

Molecules found in blood and tissue produced in response to a given antigen. Facilitates removal of antigen by binding onto it.

• 1. 4 types
• 2. 10 each
• 3. 8" x 11.5"

• 1. Blister Agents (H & L)
• 2. Nerve (G and V series)

• 1. Periodic Monitoring (Point Detection)
•      a. Prior/During attack (M8/M9, IPDS, IPDS-LR)
• 2. On-Station Monitoring
•      a. During attack (M256A1/A2/M8/M9)
• 3. Rapid Internal Survey
•      a. After attack (M256A1/A2)
• 4. Rapid External Survey
•      a. After RIS (M8/M9)
• 5. Supplemental Surveys
•      a. As required/as time permits