Criminology Test 1 (chapter One)

The gun control debate is an example of the ________ perspective.

The psychological perspective sees crime primarily as

You are running late to class and there is an exam today. To get to class on time, you drive about 10 miles about the speed limit. This is an example of behavior that is

Ultimately, crime is a result of the coming together of inputs provided by all but which of the following?

A ________ studies crime, criminals, and criminal behavior.

________ criminology involves taking the results of criminological research and converting it into workable social policy and practice.

Which of the following behaviors are criminal only when committed by a child or youth?

A(n) ________ of crime attempts to explain all or most forms of criminal conduct through a single, overarching approach.

This book recognizes that crime is not an isolated individual activity but a(n) ________ event.

Which of the following statements about deviance and crime is true?

________ is the process by which one acquires the cultural values of one's society

Which one of the following is not one of the definitional perspectives found in contemporary criminology?

Many modern criminologists operate from a(n) ________ perspective.

The social ________ perspective holds that crime manifests from underlying social issues such as poverty, discrimination, and pervasive family violence.

Which of the following crime reduction or prevention strategies is most characteristic of the social problems perspective?

"Human conduct that is in violation of the criminal laws of a state, the federal government, or a local jurisdiction that has the power to make such laws" is a definition of

The social responsibility perspective focuses on the

The General Theory of Crime suggests that all types of criminal and deviant behavior can be explained by a lack of self-control. This is an example of a(n) ________ theory.

Which of the following statements about the social problems perspective is not true?

The pluralistic perspective suggests that behaviors are typically criminalized through

________ is the field of study that is concerned primarily with the causes and consequences of crime.

Which of the following would probably not fall within the field of criminalistics?

The ________ perspective says that laws should be enacted to criminalize certain behaviors when members of society generally agree that such laws are necessary

Criminal justice focuses on

The belief that crime is an antisocial act of such a nature that repression is necessary to preserve the existing system of society is the basis of the ________ perspective on crime.

________ treats numbers as having intrinsic scientific value.

What is the first step in any research?

. ________ are techniques that produce measurable results which can be analyzed statistically.

Which of the following threats to external validity is an example of the problem of reactive effects of experiment arrangements?

 ________ research is undertaken simply for the sake of advancing scientific knowledge

Which of the following is not a critical ethical issue for criminal justice researchers?

ter research into the effectiveness of Project D.A.R.E. found that the program was ineffective, publication of the research results was blocked. A representative of the National Institute of Justice stated that they did not agree with one of the study's major findings. What ethical issue applies here?

You are interested in determining whether allowing prison inmates to have televisions in their cells will reduce violent behavior. You measure the rate of violence in the prison, install televisions in all cells, and then measure the rate of violence again one month later to see if there has been any change. What research design have you used?

Which of the following is not a scientific endeavor?

After the results of a large research study on police procedures were publicized, the researchers were interested in determining whether the study had affected police policy. The researcher telephoned a large number of big-city police departments and asked a number of questions about department policies and procedures. This is an example of which data-gathering strategy?

Which of the following is not a use of theory in social scientific thinking?

A(n) ________ is a series of interrelated propositions which attempt to describe, explain, predict, and ultimately control some class of events.

The "evidence" in evidence-based criminology refers to

Because the Minneapolis Domestic Violence Experiment had a major impact on police policy, the National Institute of Justice decided to see if the same results would be found if the study was conducted in other cities around the U.S. This is an example of the issue

Evidence-based criminology is founded upon which research method?

The ideas of armchair criminologists achieve acclaim in all but which of the following ways?

Which of the following is an example of inferential statistics?

Which of the following statements is an example of a theory?

Which of the following threats to internal validity is an example of the problem of experimental mortality?

Which is the only data-gathering technique that does not produce new data?

The ethnical principle of ________ means that research subjects are told about the nature of the research and their role in it.

________ is the process by which a concept is made measurable or a simple hypothesis is turned into one that is testable.

The statement, "Breaking the cycle of poverty will reduce crime" is an example of a(n)

You are interested in studying how prison inmates and correctional officers interact on a daily basis. To do this, you get a job as a correctional officer in a state prison and work there for several months. What data-gathering strategy are you employing here?

. A(n) ________ research design is particularly useful when some aspects of the social setting are beyond the control of the researcher.

Which of the following was not an early demonic era explanation of personal deviance?

Classical and neoclassical theories have been criticized for lacking an explanation of

David Fogel's justice model is based on the idea that

Situational choice theory is an example of

Situational crime prevention is primarily concerned with

Jeremy Bentham's ________ approach emphasizes the determination of behavior based on the amount of pleasure or pain the behavior can be expected to produce

The belief that the natural human condition at birth is that of a blank slate is attributed to

According to Cesare Beccaria, the purpose of punishment should be

According to neoclassical criminology, the role of punishment is

The concept of the social contract was developed by

Which type of crime would Cesare Beccaria be most likely to recommend be punished through the use of corporal punishment?

Early Roman Law derived from the

The Code of Hammurabi emphasized which of the following goals of punishment?

The Classical School of criminology attributes crime to

According to the key principles of Classical Criminology, the purpose of punishment is to

Which of the following explanations of criminal behavior would not be acceptable to a positivist studying crime?

________ mandates a fixed amount of time to be served for each offense category

The present-day debate over abortion is an example of a current use of

Classical theories have been criticized for being less a theory of crime causation than a philosophy of

Positivism is based on an acceptance of

rational choice theories have been criticized for

________ focuses on preventing a particular offender from engaging in repeat criminality?

 Which of the following is an example of a mala in se offense?

An individual who dresses in an unusual way is most likely to be violating a ________ of his or her social group.

________ refers to a traditional body of unwritten legal precedents created through everyday practice and supported by court decisions

How does research in suggest diet affects behavior among prison inmates?

Studies focusing on inherited mental degeneration led to the development of ________ criminology.

The studies of the Juke and the Kallikak families emphasized ________ as the primary source of criminality.

The creation of street gangs and separatist groups is an example of the sociobiological principle of

Sociobiology is the systematic study of the ________ basis of all social behavior

According to William Sheldon, ________ have the greatest likelihood of becoming criminal offenders.

According to Konrad Lorenz, much of what we call "crime" is the result of

Which of the following social policies was developed during the eugenics movement?

Which of the following crime control policies would be most likely to be proposed by an early positivist criminologist?

biological theories believe that crime causation can be understood by studying the interplay of all of the following except

Santa Claus is typical of which of William Sheldon's body types?

________ theories explain criminality by reference to offenders' body types, genetics, or external physical characteristics.

Which abnormal chromosomal structure is associated with the concept of a "supermale"?

Which of the following is not a criticism of sociobiology?

Biological theory states that the basic determinants of human behavior are ________ based.

Biological theories tend to focus on ________ as the major determinant in controlling human behavior.

Which theoretical paradigm was developed by Edward O. Wilson?

Biological theories assumes that human behavior is rooted in instinctive behavioral responses such as

Phrenology focused on

According to positivism, how is valid knowledge acquired?

The scientific study of the relationships between human physical characteristics and criminality is called

Which of the following research results would provide the strongest evidence for the belief that criminal behavior has a genetic component?

Konrad Lorenz' greatest contribution to the study of human behavior was his

One concern with early biological theories is their dismissal of the concept of

According to Lombroso, which category of offenders should include someone who was tempted to commit a crime by a situational or environmental factor?

________ argues that the propensity for crime commission evolved as part of the male reproductive strategy and a particular neurochemistry characteristic of males increases the probability of male criminality.

When would you expect the relationship between temperature and assaults to be the strongest?

Biosocial perspectives are theories of

The level of exposure to lead appears to be a reliable predictor of all but which of the following?

Freda Adler proposed that

Which of the following factors probably does not activate chemical switches that regulate gene expression?

The myth of the ________ holds that the human mind has no innate traits.

The variable most likely to be related to violent crime is

What is the impact of sugar on behavior?

Which of the following brain mechanisms may be involved in aggression?

What have researchers found about the effect of deficient MAOA activity on children?

What is the effect of stress on brain structure?

An offender convicted of ________ is most likely to have a low level of serotonin in the brain.

Which of the following foods has not been implicated in the production of criminal violence or antisocial behavior?

The relationship between testosterone and aggressive behavior in young males appears to be moderated by

Genes ________ human action.

The purpose of the Human Genome Project was to determine the complete sequence of

The myth of the ________ holds that human nature is essentially good.

Research suggests that high dietary intake of ________ by pregnant women may be related to higher IQ levels among children.

Which of the following was not listed by Wilson and Herrnstein as contributing to crime?