Major Blood Group (ABO) 8.4

A substance that is capable of eliciting an immune response when introduced in-vivo.

Protein substance secreted by plasma cells in response to, and interacting specifically with an antigen.

Ability of anitgens to stimulate an immune resonse.

Biological unit of heredity, located at a definite position on a particular chromosome.

The specific location of a gene on a given chromosome.

the listing of gense actually found on a pair of chromosome.

the listing of antigens expressed.

alternate form of a series of genes that occupy a single locus on either of a pair of chromosomes.

gene loci located so close together they are inherited together as a single unit.

what is an example of a linked gene?

two identical genes in a pair.

Two unlike genese (alleles) in a gene pair.

if only one gene in a heterozygous gene pair is expressed, the expressed gene is considered to be this.

if one gene in a heterozygous pair is not expressed it is considered to be this.

if both genes in any pair express themselves, they are considered to be this.

In blood bank, an amorphic gene does not express itself on a red cell.

antibodies produced without exposeure to an antigen. (ISO-Antibodies)

The ABO blood group was discovered in 1900 by ____________.

what are the four RBC classifications?

what are most serious transfusion accidents caused by?

A person who _____ A and/or B antigens, will have iso-antibodies in their serum against those antigens.

ABO Iso-antibodies are capable of causing rapid and total __________ of incompatible blood intravascularly.

intravascular transfusion reactions generally reslut in ________.

compatibility of ABO groups between _________ and ___________ is the foundation on which all other pre-transfusion testing depends.

What are the three major antigens of the ABO system?

what are the four major antibodies of the ABO system?

The backbone exists in _____ forms, two are predominantly seen.

what are the two predominant backbone forms?

A backbone molecule inserts into the RBC membrane and has what four terminal sugars?

What are the three genes that influence the human major blood groups?

what are the two alleles in the H system?

what antigen in the H system is the precursor on which group A and B are built.

the Hh locus is on which chromosome?

The H gene causes production of L-______-Transferase.

the enzyme L-fucosyl-transferase, in the H system, causes addition of __________ to the backbone.

the h gene is a rare _______ which produces no enzyme.

what is the extremely rare genotype known as bombay?

The ABO gene locus is on which chromosome?

what are the two codominant genes in the ABO system?

what are the three alleles in the ABO system?

this is a rare Amorph gene int eh ABO system where H antigen remains unchanged.

lack of the A or B gene produces what blood type?

what is the immunodominant sugar responsible for H specificity?

the A gene causes production of the enzyme N-_____________-transferase.

the ABO precursor combined with the sugar ______ is known as the A antigen, blood type A.

the B gene causes production of the enzyme ________ transferase.

in the B gene, Galactosyl-transferase bonds what to the ABO precursor?

The ABO precursor combined with the sugar ____ is known as the B antigen, blood type B.

Each person inherits ___ ABO gene from each parent?

A and B genes dominate what gene?

pehnotypes may or may not indicate the ___________.

group AB person has what genotype?

Group A person may have what genotypes?

group B person may have what genotypes?

the major A subgroups represent what precent of all the subgroups?

what is the most common A subgroup?

which A subgroup converts almost all H precursor?

A₁ will react with _______ lectin.

These are RBCs that are intermediate between A₁ and A₂.

Which A subgroup gives a weaker reaction with Anti-A₁ lectin but a stronger reaction with Anit-H?

what is the second most common A subgroup?

what percent of A₂ persons will form naturally occuring Anti-A₁?

22-35% of A₂B persons will from ________.

what is the thrid most common A subgroup?

this subgroup makes up approximately 1:1000 or less than 0.1% of group A and group AB people.

this is a characteristic agglutination pattern of small agglutinates in sea of non-agglutinated free RBC.

which A subgroup shows mixed field during the phenotype of the antigen?

All A subgroups are made from the type ___ backbone?

Subgroups differ in the amount of ___ antigen present on the RBC.

the A subgroups are confirmed using what reagents?

Anti-A₁ lectin is extracted from what seeds?

Anti-H lectin is extracted from what plant?

what is the A₂ RBC reagent?

which A subgroup has the most amount of A antigen?

which A subgroup has the least amount of A antigen?

ABO iso-antibodies are most often ____ anitbody.

ISO antibodies are _______ agglutinins?

Ison antibodies react well at room temperature but are best at what temp?

this is the identification of the ABO antigen (RBC).

This is the identification of the ABO antibody. (serum/Plasma)

how many tubes are used when performing ABO forward and reverse typing?

what percent cell suspension should be used for ABO forward and reverse typing?

what is the reagent to suspension ratio for forward typing?

what is the reagent to serum ratio for reverse typing?

forward and reverse typing should be read _________ for agglutination.

forward typing is the phenotype of the patient's __________.

Reverse typing is the phenotype of the patient's ________.

this is used in blood bank to increase the efficiency and productivity of donor and patient testing?

Blood typing automation uses _______ phase technology.

what are three examples of solid phase automations in the blood bank?

this automated technique performs ABO/RH and AB screens/crossmatch using a gel card containing dextran acrylamide gel particles, and does not require washing.

what are two examples of the gel system?

Lukemia depressens _______ expression on the RBC.

what is an example of depressed antigen expression?

Carcinomas of the ______ or _______ can cause antigens to be undetectable.

what are three diseases that can cause acqured B phenomenon?

various lymphoma's, malignant non-hodgkin's, very youg or elderly patients, or immunosuppressant therapy can cause a ________ production of ABO ISO-antibodies.

true or false
discrepancies between forward and reverse grouping are generally technical in nature.
True False

what are three causes of tecnical error in discrepancies between forward and reverse typing?

if not technical, ABO discrepancies fall into one of ______ major categories.

which group of ABO discrepancies involves antibodies.

which group of ABO discrepancies involves antigen?

which group of ABO discrepancies involves protein?

which group of ABO discrepancies involves miscellaneous?

what are three causes of group I discrepancies?

this is a rare condtion in which there are two cell population in an individual.

true or false
chimerism is often artificial?

normal ABO reactions are ___ or stronger?

if reactions are 1+ or less: incubate for 15-30 minutes at _____ temp.

what are three causes of group II discrepancies?

which group of discrepancies can be caused by group specific substances?

in group III discrepancies, __________ formation can cause pseudo agglutination.

multiple myeloma and hodgkin's lymphomas can cause what group of discrepancies?

_________ the patient's red cells several additional times with saline will remove most of the protein causing the rouleaux formation.

the resolution of which group of descrpancies involves saline replacement techniques?

what are five causes of group IV discrepancies?

for group IV discrepancies patients cells should be tested with what?

the resolution of what group of discrepancies may involve warming the blood to 37^oC?

this is the removing of antibody from surface of RBC.

the resolution of which group of discrepancies may involve elution?

True or false
all ABO discrepancies must be resolved before blood is released to patient for transfusion.
True False

all reagents for ABO typing should be stored at what temperature when not in use?