superficial & deep back

superficial connects the axial skeleton (skeleton that contains head and trunk of vertebrae) to the superior appendicular skeleton (portion of skeleton consisting of bone or cartilage that support appendages (external projection from body)

intermediate is only apart of the axial skeleton, controls respiratory/proprioceptive (a stimuli produced and perceived by organism) movements

• associated with axial skeleton
• act on vertebral column to control movements and maintain posture 
• supplied nerves from the posterior rami (branch of spinal nerve that forms the dorsal root) of spinal nerves

• are muscles that extend between axial and appendicular (portion of skeleton consisting of bones or cartilage that support appendages) skeletons 
• insert on the upper limb
• innervated by anterior rami of spinal nerves (except trapezius)

• trapezius
• levator scapulae
• rhomboid minor
• rhomboid major
• latissimus dorsi

• descending - elevation of scapula
• middle - retracts scapula (push arms bag)
• ascending - depress scapula
• descending + ascending - superior rotation of scapula (swinging of arm 360)

• a weakness in the trapezius muscle due to the result of injury to the CN XI spinal accessory nerve that innervates it
• weakness of superior rotation of the shoulder (glenhumeral joint (ball and socket joint))

surgically with muscle transfers of the levator scapulae and rhomboids

• extends, adducts and medially rotates the humerus at the ball and sock joint
• helps raise body toward arms while climbing

thoracodorsal nerve (branch of the brachial plexus (branch or network of vessels or nerves)) (think where brachial pulse is)

intertubercular sulcus of humerus (a groove separating the larger and smaller nodes of the humerus)

spinous processes of T6-T12 (protrution at the posterior of the vertebrae (pokes out if too skinny)), thoracolumbar fascia (a deep membrane throughout the posterior thorax and abdomen)

• elevates scapula
• rotates glenoid cavity inferiorly

dorsal scapular nerve (branch of brachial plexus)

medial border of scapula, superior root of scapular spine (neck to shoulder area muscle)

transverse processes of C1-C4 (same bones but side protrusions inside of middle main)

• retract scapula (pull arm back)
• inferior rotation of scapula (praise with arms up)
• fix scapula to thoracic wall

dorsal scapular nerve (branch of brachial plexus)

• MI-medial end of scapular spine
• MJ-medial border of scapula

• MI-nuchal ligament & spinal processes C7/T1
• MJ-spinous processes of T2-T5

controls respiratory/proprioceptive (produced and sensed stimuli) movements

• erector spinae (group of 3)
• extends vertebral column
• some roation of vertebral column
• act on vertebral column to control movements and maintain posture

act on vertebral column to control movements and maintain posture

• normal looking tissue
• 1 - stretching with some tears
• 2 - larger tear
• 3 - complete tear

injury where only ligamentous tissue or a ligament attached to the bone is dislocated

due to strong contractions from movements of the vertebral column

injury due to stretching or microscopic tearing of muscle fibers

results from overly strong muscle contraction 

erector spinae muscles are often involved **muscle spams may response to inflammation)

any part or organ that branches from another part

• spinal nerve emerges laterally from the IV foramen 
• spinal nerve then divides into 2 major branches ventral (anterior) and dorsal (posterior) primary rami
• posterior go to back intrinsic muscles
• anterior go to body wall and limbs (extrinsic back muscles)

• spinal accessory nerve
• cutaneous branches of posterior rami
• dorsal scapular nerve
• thoracodorsal nerve

• travel from cranium through the neck and back deep to trapezius
• superficial nerve

penetrating or blunt injury

provides cutaneous sensory innervation (GSA) to the back

emerges between anterior and middle neck muscles posteriorly deep through levator and rhomoids

innervates rhomboid minor and major and levator through separate branch

latissimus dorsi (C6-C8)

• provides cutaneous sensory innervation (GSA) to the back
• (the branch of nerves running out of the middle of the back from neck to mid back)

• unilateral area of skin innervated by (GSA) fibers of a single spinal nerve
• helps find site of damage in neurology
• 30
• 7 cervical C2-C8
• 12 thoracic (T1-T12)
• 5 lumbar (l1-l5)
• 5 sacral (S1-5)
• 1 coccygeal

supplies an area of the skin that is related to a peripheral nerve

• **nerve contains fibers from several individual spinal nerves
• **are broader and wider than an area supplied by only a single spinal nerve

• rectus capitis posterior major on superomedial margin
• obliquus capitis inferior on inferolateral margin
• obliquus capitis superior on superolateral margin
• suboccipital n (c1)
• vertebral artery

travels through transverse foramen C6-1 passes medially along posterior arch of C1 then passes superiorly through the foramen magnum to supply brain

**c7 has a transverse foramina but vertebral arteries dont run through then**

• use of atlanto-occipital joint (synovial joint)
• extension
• lateral flexion
• 

• stemocleidomastoid
• semispinalis capitis

• obliquus capitis inferior
• rectus capitis posterior minor and major
• longissimus capitis
• splenius capitis