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intrapersonal
- communication with ourselves
- dialogue
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interpersonal
communication with others
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group
communication with teams with goals and strengths
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mass
communication designed to reach large groups
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public
communication as a public speech
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Conversation VS Public speaking
- *More structure (organization/preparation)
- *More responsibility (ethics/honesty)
- *Anxiety levels(easy for some...)
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How has public speaking evolved?
- *technology
- *diversity in the audience members
- *style of delivery
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trait apprehension
it's part of your personality: you find it difficult to communicate in any situation
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state apprehension
like stage fright
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Fear reducing techniques
- *Fear is normal
- *All in the same boat
- *Breathe!
- *Speak often
- *Be prepared
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Importance of Public Speaking
- 1. academics
- 2. personal reasons
- 3. professional credibility and advancement
- 4. community involvement and change
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When we would speak in public
- 1. we are asked to speak because of our knowledge expertise; experience
- 2. We want to speak because we are passionate about a topic/issue
- 3. we are required to speak because of work or school
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The Responsible Speaker
- 1. honesty and truthfulness
- 2. ethically and legally sound
- 3. select topics of significance
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ethics
- a branch of philosophy dealing with issues of right or wrong concerning human affairs
- * truth is, its not always black and white
- *situations can muddy the waters
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global plagiarism
taking entire speech from a single source
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patchwork plagiarism
stealing info from several sources
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incremental plagiarism
when speaker fails to give credit for certain parts of the speech
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How to cite verbally
- 1. signal your listeners
- 2. present the research/data
- 3. avoid blanket citation which includes on-screen works cited page.
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How to avoid the situation
- 1. start early
- 2. consult many sources
- 3. your words when recording info
- 4. Be neat/clear/organized with citation info
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ghostwriting
- *is considered ethical
- * could present problems when:
- 1. speaker refuses to take responsibility for the content
- 2. if listeners are led to believe the speech maker was also the speech writer
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Fact VS Opinion
- 1. Be sure that your audience knows the difference between your opinion and your research
- 2. Always back up your view points with evidence
- 3. Your audience will feel cheated if you leave them empty reasoning
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Emotional appeals
- *emotional appeals are meant to make your audience feel a certain way: guilty, angry, proud, sad, sympathetic
- 1. never substitute emotional appeals for factual evidence
- 2. make sure appeal is appropriate to the speech topic
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selecting a topic
- 1. start with what you know
- 2. consider topics of communal interest
- 3. consider topics that specifically relate to your audience
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knowing your audience
- 1. consider demographic variables (something we can observe)
- 2. know their interest
- 3. look to connect with as many listeners as possible
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Know the occasion
- 1. where will it take place?
- 2. when is the speech scheduled?
- 3. captive?
- 4. Room?
- 5. Technology?
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Purpose of your speech
- 1. general purpose: inform, persuade, ceremony
- 2. specific purpose: starts with general purpose
- 3. thesis statement: central idea statement
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gathering material
- 1. starts with what you know
- 2. use good research techniques
- 3. keep an open mind
- 4. remain ethical and honest
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organizing your info
- 1. full sentence outline: detailed
- 2.key word outline
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Practicing your speech
- 1. Read full sentence outline
- 2. practice from keyword
- 3. get feeback
- 4. incorporate change
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Delivering your speech
- 1. audience impact
- 2. formal vs. imformal
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hearing
The physiological process of receiving sound waves
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listening
involves thinking and processing the info
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internal interference
- 1.daydreaming
- 2.preconceived ideas
- 3. disagree with speaker/ideas
- 4. passive listening (lazy listening)
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external interference
- 1. room temp
- 2.window/hallway
- 3.audience members
- 4.speaker distractions: clothing, delivery style, attitude, poor visuals, etc.
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How you listen
- 1. auditory learners
- 2. visual learners
- 3. hands-on learnes
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Speaker styles
- 1. be organized
- 2. use clear, strong transitions
- 3. include repetition
- 4.different learning styles
- 5.avoid distracting mannerisms
- 6.dress appropriately
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know why you are listening
- 1. appreciative-for enjoyment
- 2.empathetic/therapeutic-for the speaker
- 3. comprehension-academic/seminars
- 4. critical-making a decision
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practical techniques
- 1. focus on content
- 2. i can do this for ...75 min!
- 3. take notes
- 4. offer verbal feedback
- 5. ask questions
- 6. make eye contact
- 7. listen critically
- 8. compare your knowledge: RRA Techniques (Review, Relate, Anticipate)
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Demographically
- observable characterisitcs in your audience members
- example: age, gender, ethnicity, intercultural factors, religion, geographic, education, occupation, economic status, marital status
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Psychologically
- how your audience thinks or feels
- example: beliefs, attitudes, values
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Discovering these factors
- 1. surveys
- 2. observation
- 3. research
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