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what is hyaloplasm
- base substance of cytoplasm
- mostly water containing organelles
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name the two types of lysosomes
- heterophagosome: secondary lysosome
- autophagossome: digesting of cell's own organelles
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what is lipofuscin
- undigested residual lipids in cell membranes, usually brown in color
- commonly found in aging cells
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function of Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)
- site of exporting and secretion of new proteins
- cells producing large amounts of proteins contain well developed rough ER
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function of Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER)
- catabolizes (breaks down) hormones, drugs, nutrients, and steroids
- found in gonads, liver cells
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three types of cell coordination (stimulation)
- autocrine stimulation
- endocrine stimulation
- paracrine stimulation
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autocrine stimulation and ex.
- cells stimulate themselves
- ex. T lymphocytes release cytokines causing fibroblasts and Tlymph growth
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endocrine stimulation and ex.
- release of hormones by bloodstream
- ex. pancreas (islet cells)-->insulin-->liver
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paracrine stimulation and ex.
- cell to cell stimulation
- ex. gastrin --> gastric chief cells --> hydrochloric acid
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homeostasis
- cells maintain a steady state of equilibrium within its environment in response to stimuli and adapts
- if demand exceeds adaptivity then damage is irreversible
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hydropic change
cellular swelling due to intake of water
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four traits of cell injury
- 1. malfunctioned mitochondria
- 2. increase in acidity
- 3. incrs. in autophagy
- 4. decrs. in metabolism
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hypoxia
decreased oxygen supply
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anoxia
complete lack of oxygen
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3 types of nuclear damage
- pyknosis
- karyorrhexis
- karyolysis
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pyknosis
condensation of chromatin 
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karyorrhexis
- fragmentation of nucleus
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karyolysis
- breakdown of nuclear structure by enzymatic digestion
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three oxygen radicals
- hydrogen peroxide
- superoxide
- hydroxyl radical
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atrophy
- decrease in size/# of cell
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hypertrophy
enlargement of cell size
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hyperplasia
incrs. in cell #
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metaplasia
reversible change of one cell type to another
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dysplasia
disorderly arrangement of cells
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steatosis
- lipid accumulation in the liver
- common in alcoholics or diabetes
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name three examples of hypertrophy in the body
- hypertrophy of heart: due to hypertension
- hypertrophy of skeletal muscles
- hypertrophy + hyperplasia: due to hormonal stimulation, estrogen stimulation
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benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)
a type of hyperplasia found in the prostate of elderly men
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anthracosis
coal particles in lungs
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hemosiderin
blood derived brown pigment from hemolyzed cells
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coagulative necrosis
- most common type of necrosis
- rapid inactivation of cytoplasmic enzymes preventing lysis of tissues, usually caused by anoxia
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liquefactive necrosis
- dissolution of soft tissues causing accumulation of leukocytes
- usually in the brain
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caseous necrosis
- a type of coagulative necrosis + partial liquefaction when tissue becomes white and cheesy
- tuberculosis
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enzymatic fat necrosis
- a type of liquefactive necrosis caused by lipolytic enzymes
- fat tissue around pancreas forming calcium soap
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gangrene
necrosis common in toes/foot in diabetic pts
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