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Hydraulic Civilization Theory
Karl Wittfogel
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Renaissance Man
Radial Urban Model
Leon Battista Alberti
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Was an Italian humanist author, artist, architect, poet, priest, linguist, philosopher and cryptographer.
Leon Battista Alberti
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Planned Washington, DC
Pierre Charles L’Enfant
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Planned Paris
Baron Georges Eugene Haussmann
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Commissioned by Napoleon Bonaparte
Baron Georges Eugene Haussmann
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Plan for London (1666) and St. Paul’s Cathedral
Sir Christopher Wren
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Planned Linear New Town for Edinburg
James Craig
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Conceptualized “Village of Unity and Mutual Cooperation
Robert Owen
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Prepared “London and Westminster Improved”
John Gwynn
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Proposed utopian community called “Victoria”
Population of 10,000
James Buckingham
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Father of American Landscape Architecture
Central Park
Frederick Law Olmstead
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Conceptualized Garden Cities
Garden Cities of To-morrow (1902), revised from Tomorrow: A Peaceful Path to Real Reform (1898)
Ebenezer Howard
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3 Magnets: Town, Country and Town-Country
58,000 in the central city, 32,000 in the garden cities
1,000 acres for each garden city
Ebenezer Howard
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Architects who built the first Garden Cities and Letchworth and Welwyn
Raymond Unwin and Barry Parker
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Planned San Francisco, Manila, Baguio
Father of American Modern Architecture
Daniel Hudson Burnham
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Radiant City (Le Ville Radieuse)
Part of the City Beautiful Movement
Charles Edouard Jeanneret (Le Corbusier)
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Conceptualized Linear City
Don Arturo Soria y Mata
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Father of Urban Planning in Canada
Founded the British Town Planning Institute
Concepts of Planning in Legislation
First manager of Letchworth
Rural Planning and Development
Thomas Adams
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Organizer of the RPAA
Clarence Stein
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Appalachian Trail
The New Exploration: A Philosophy of Regional Planning
Benton MacKaye
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Father of Regional Planning
Survey Analysis Plan
Cities in Evolution
Sir Patrick Geddes
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Multi-disciplinary Planning
The Culture of Cities
The Story of Utopia
Lewis Mumford
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County of London Plan (1943)
Greater London Regional Plan (1944)
Sir Leslie Patrick Abercrombie
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1.25M people were dispersed to new towns and rural areas.
- County of London Plan (1943)
- Greater London Regional Plan (1944)
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Funder of the RPAA
Alexander Bing
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Superblock
Analyst
RPAA pioneer
Together with Clarence Stein, worked on the Sunnyside Homes
Henry Wright
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Advocated for Public and Social Housing
Modern Housing
Used to be a member of the RPAA
Catherine Bauer Wurster
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Broadacre City
The Disappearing City
Frank Lloyd Wright
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Broadacre cities as the antithesis to cities and transit-oriented developments.
One acre per family.
Frank Lloyd Wright
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Neighborhood Unit
Clarence Perry
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5000 to 9000 residents in 160 acres
10% open space
- Neighborhood Unit
- Clarence Perry
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First Attempt at Zoning
In New York
Edward Bassett
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Linear Industrial City (Une Cite Industrielle)
For 35,000 inhabitants.
Removal of law enforcement and churches.
Tony Garnier
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Championed diversity and mixed-use neighborhoods
The Death and Life of American Cities
The Economy of Cities
Openly opposed Robert Moses.
Jane Jacobs
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Launched a Global Environmental Movement
Silent Spring
Rachel Carson
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Pioneered Ecological Planning and GIS
Design with Nature
Also pioneered the technique of sieve mapping.
Ian McHarg
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Advocated that plans should be in dynamic and not static terms.
Developed Transport and Land Use Study
Rapkin
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Penn-Jersey Transportation Study
Wesley Mitchell
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Urban transportation as basic spatial organizer
Lowdon Wingo and Harvey S. Perloff
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Garin-Lowry Spatial Allocation Model (Gravity Model)
Robert Garin and Ira Lowry
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Ladder of Citizen Participation
Maximum Feasible ManipulationA Working Model for Public Participation
Sherry Arnstein
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Citizen Power: Partnership, Delegated Power, Citizen Control
Tokenism: Informing, Consultation, Placation
Nonparticipation: Manipulation, Therapy
Sherry Arnstein
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Incrementalism Model of Planning
Incrementalism as “muddling through”
Lindblom
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Cybernetics Approach of Planning
Norbert Weiner
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Advocacy Planning
Advocacy and Pluralism in Planning
Paul Davidoff
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Conflict Confrontation as Philosophy in Community Organizing
Rules for Radicals
Saul David Alinsky
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Ekistics
Introduction to Ekistics
Action for Human Settlements
In the year 2100, Earth would have 50 Billion population and zero population growth.
Constantinos Apostolos Doxiadis
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Agricultural Rent
The Isolated State
Johann Heinrich von Thünen
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Bid-Rent Theory
William Alonso
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Concentric Zone Theory
Ernest Burgess
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Sector or Hoyt Model
Activities expand outward in a wedge.
Homer Hoyt
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Multiple Nuclei Model
Chauncy Harris and Edward Ullman
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Central Place
K=3 marketing principle
K=4 transport/traffic principle
K=7 Administrative principle
Walter Christaller
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Growth Poles
Scale and agglomeration economies.
Francois Perroux
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Core-Periphery
Agropolis
Planning in the Public Domain: From Knowledge to Action
John Friedmann
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Least Cost Theory of Industrial Location
Agglomeration/Deglomeration
Material Index
Alfred Weber
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Regional Science
Location and Space Economy
Industrial Complex Analysis and Regional Development
Methods of Regional Analysis
Walter Isard
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Thunnen’s Agricultural Rings (Theory of Rent)
The Isolated State
Johann Henrick von Thunnen
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Location Quotient
Looking at Basic Industries (exporting surplus) and Non-Basic Industries (service) that support the basic industries.
Richard Klosterman and Robert Murray Haig
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Megalopolis
Megalopolis: The Urbanized Northeastern Seaboard of the United States
Jean Gottman
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Marxist Theory
The Communist Manifesto
Cofounded Marxist theory
Friedrich Engels
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- Malthusian Trap
- An Essay on the Principle of Population
- The Nature of Rent
- Principles of Political Economy
Thomas Malthus
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- That population grows geometrically while food grows arithmetically.
- Population tends to take advantage of the food surplus until the food supply is reconstrained.
Thomas Malthus
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- Tragedy of the Commons
- Individual users acting independently according to their own self-interest behave contrary to the common good by collectively depleting the resource.
William Forster Lloyd and Garrett Hardin
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- Keynesian Income Multiplier
- The bigger the consumption and the lower the taxes, the higher the income multiplier.
John Maynard Keynes
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- GDP as Expenditure
- GDP as Income
- Cycle of Poverty: Low Consumption, Low Demand
Simon Kuznets
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- Pareto Optimality for Cost Benefit Analysis
Vilfredo Pareto
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- Rostow’s Stages of Growth (Theory of Economic Modernization)
- Virtuous Cycle of Growth
- Cycle of Poverty
- The Stages of Economic Growth: A Non-Communist Manifesto
Walt Rostow
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- Traditional society
- Pre-conditions for take-off
- Take-off
- Drive to maturity
- Age of mass consumption
Walt Rostow
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- Circuits of Capital
- Financial ventures are the fastest at providing returns, followed by commercial ventures and lastly by manufacturing.
David Harvey
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- Cumulative Causation
- Backwash and Spread Effects
- Spread effects of additional industries that locate in an area.
- “The rich get richer and the poor get poorer.”
Gunnar Myrdal
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- Input-Output Model
- Was helped by Walter Isard
Wassily Leontief
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- Human Development Index
- Categorizes into Low, Medium or High Human Development Countries
- Income Index: GNI per capita
- Life Expectancy Index: Life expectancy at birth
- Education Index: Years of schooling
Mahbub ul Haq and Amartya Sen
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- Lorenz Curve
- Used to represent income distribution, biodiversity and business modeling.
Max Lorenz
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- Gini Coefficient
- Used for measure of inequality.
- 0 describes perfect equality and 1 as perfect inequality.
- Values below 0 and above 1 are possible.
Corrado Gini
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- Labor Migration Model of Urbanization
- Migration decision is based on expected income differentials between rural and urban areas rather than just wage differentials
Michael Todaro
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- Urban Forms, Legibility, Mental Maps
- The Image of The City
- PLEND: Paths, Landmarks, Edges, Nodes, Districts
Kevin Lynch
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- Defined the Planning Process
“the process of determining goals and designing the means by which these goals may be achieved.”
Robert Young
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- Defined the Comprehensive Land Use Plan
- “… a plan that makes provisions for all the uses that the legislative body of that municipality decides are appropriate for location somewhere in that municipality.”
Hugh Pomeroy
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- Defined Goal Formulation
- “the hingepin on which the rational planning process turns.”
George Chadwick
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- Goal Achievement Matrix
Morris Hill
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- Cost Benefit Analysis
- Planning Balance Sheet
Nathaniel Lichfield
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- Special Studies
- Quantifying social activity through statistics
- Urban Land Use Planning
- First to write a comprehensive textbook on Urban and Regional planning.
- Emphasized quantitative statistical tools.
Francis Stuart Chapin
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- “SMART” test for Objectives.
- SMART: Sustainable, Measurable, Achievable, Realistic, Time-bound
George Doran
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- Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
- A Theory of Human Motivation
- PSLES: Physiological, Safety, Love/belonging, Esteem, Self-actualization
Abraham Maslow
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- Highest and Best Use
Raleigh Barlowe
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