PEOPLE IN ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING

Hydraulic Civilization Theory

Renaissance Man
Radial Urban Model

Was an Italian humanist author, artist, architect, poet, priest, linguist, philosopher and cryptographer.

Planned Washington, DC

Planned Paris

Commissioned by Napoleon Bonaparte

Plan for London (1666) and St. Paul’s Cathedral

Planned Linear New Town for Edinburg

Conceptualized “Village of Unity and Mutual Cooperation

Prepared “London and Westminster Improved”

Proposed utopian community called “Victoria”

Population of 10,000

Father of American Landscape Architecture
Central Park

Conceptualized Garden Cities
Garden Cities of To-morrow (1902), revised from Tomorrow: A Peaceful Path to Real Reform (1898)

3 Magnets: Town, Country and Town-Country
58,000 in the central city, 32,000 in the garden cities
1,000 acres for each garden city

Architects who built the first Garden Cities and Letchworth and Welwyn

Planned San Francisco, Manila, Baguio
Father of American Modern Architecture

Radiant City (Le Ville Radieuse)

Part of the City Beautiful Movement

Conceptualized Linear City

Father of Urban Planning in Canada
Founded the British Town Planning Institute
Concepts of Planning in Legislation
First manager of Letchworth
Rural Planning and Development

Organizer of the RPAA

Appalachian Trail
The New Exploration: A Philosophy of Regional Planning

Father of Regional Planning
Survey Analysis Plan
Cities in Evolution

Multi-disciplinary Planning
The Culture of Cities
The Story of Utopia

County of London Plan (1943)
Greater London Regional Plan (1944)

1.25M people were dispersed to new towns and rural areas.

Funder of the RPAA

Superblock
Analyst

RPAA pioneer
Together with Clarence Stein, worked on the Sunnyside Homes

Advocated for Public and Social Housing
Modern Housing
Used to be a member of the RPAA

Broadacre City
The Disappearing City

Broadacre cities as the antithesis to cities and transit-oriented developments.
One acre per family.

Neighborhood Unit

5000 to 9000 residents in 160 acres
10% open space

First Attempt at Zoning

In New York

Linear Industrial City (Une Cite Industrielle)

For 35,000 inhabitants.
Removal of law enforcement and churches.

Championed diversity and mixed-use neighborhoods
The Death and Life of American Cities
The Economy of Cities

Openly opposed Robert Moses.

Launched a Global Environmental Movement
Silent Spring

Pioneered Ecological Planning and GIS
Design with Nature

Also pioneered the technique of sieve mapping.

Advocated that plans should be in dynamic and not static terms.
Developed Transport and Land Use Study

Penn-Jersey Transportation Study

Urban transportation as basic spatial organizer

Garin-Lowry Spatial Allocation Model (Gravity Model)

Ladder of Citizen Participation
Maximum Feasible ManipulationA Working Model for Public Participation

Citizen Power: Partnership, Delegated Power, Citizen Control
Tokenism: Informing, Consultation, Placation
Nonparticipation: Manipulation, Therapy

Incrementalism Model of Planning
Incrementalism as “muddling through”

Cybernetics Approach of Planning

Advocacy Planning
Advocacy and Pluralism in Planning

Conflict Confrontation as Philosophy in Community Organizing
Rules for Radicals

Ekistics
Introduction to Ekistics
Action for Human Settlements

In the year 2100, Earth would have 50 Billion population and zero population growth.

Agricultural Rent
The Isolated State

Bid-Rent Theory

Concentric Zone Theory

Sector or Hoyt Model

Activities expand outward in a wedge.

Multiple Nuclei Model

Central Place

K=3 marketing principle
K=4 transport/traffic principle
K=7 Administrative principle

Growth Poles

Scale and agglomeration economies.

Core-Periphery
Agropolis
Planning in the Public Domain: From Knowledge to Action

Least Cost Theory of Industrial Location
Agglomeration/Deglomeration
Material Index

Regional Science
Location and Space Economy
Industrial Complex Analysis and Regional Development
Methods of Regional Analysis

Thunnen’s Agricultural Rings (Theory of Rent)
The Isolated State

Location Quotient

Looking at Basic Industries (exporting surplus) and Non-Basic Industries (service) that support the basic industries.

Megalopolis
Megalopolis: The Urbanized Northeastern Seaboard of the United States

Marxist Theory
The Communist Manifesto

Cofounded Marxist theory

- Malthusian Trap
- An Essay on the Principle of Population
- The Nature of Rent
- Principles of Political Economy

- That population grows geometrically while food grows arithmetically.
- Population tends to take advantage of the food surplus until the food supply is reconstrained.

- Tragedy of the Commons
- Individual users acting independently according to their own self-interest behave contrary to the common good by collectively depleting the resource.

- Keynesian Income Multiplier
- The bigger the consumption and the lower the taxes, the higher the income multiplier.

- GDP as Expenditure
- GDP as Income
- Cycle of Poverty: Low Consumption, Low Demand

- Pareto Optimality for Cost Benefit Analysis

- Rostow’s Stages of Growth (Theory of Economic Modernization)
- Virtuous Cycle of Growth
- Cycle of Poverty
- The Stages of Economic Growth: A Non-Communist Manifesto

- Traditional society
- Pre-conditions for take-off
- Take-off
- Drive to maturity
- Age of mass consumption

- Circuits of Capital
- Financial ventures are the fastest at providing returns, followed by commercial ventures and lastly by manufacturing.

- Cumulative Causation
- Backwash and Spread Effects
- Spread effects of additional industries that locate in an area.
- “The rich get richer and the poor get poorer.”

- Input-Output Model
- Was helped by Walter Isard

- Human Development Index
- Categorizes into Low, Medium or High Human Development Countries
- Income Index: GNI per capita
- Life Expectancy Index: Life expectancy at birth
- Education Index: Years of schooling

- Lorenz Curve
- Used to represent income distribution, biodiversity and business modeling.

- Gini Coefficient
- Used for measure of inequality.
- 0 describes perfect equality and 1 as perfect inequality.
- Values below 0 and above 1 are possible.

- Labor Migration Model of Urbanization
- Migration decision is based on expected income differentials between rural and urban areas rather than just wage differentials

- Urban Forms, Legibility, Mental Maps
- The Image of The City
- PLEND: Paths, Landmarks, Edges, Nodes, Districts

- Defined the Planning Process
“the process of determining goals and designing the means by which these goals may be achieved.”

- Defined the Comprehensive Land Use Plan
- “… a plan that makes provisions for all the uses that the legislative body of that municipality decides are appropriate for location somewhere in that municipality.”

- Defined Goal Formulation
- “the hingepin on which the rational planning process turns.”

- Goal Achievement Matrix

- Cost Benefit Analysis
- Planning Balance Sheet

- Special Studies
- Quantifying social activity through statistics
- Urban Land Use Planning
- First to write a comprehensive textbook on Urban and Regional planning.
- Emphasized quantitative statistical tools.

- “SMART” test for Objectives.
- SMART: Sustainable, Measurable, Achievable, Realistic, Time-bound

- Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
- A Theory of Human Motivation
- PSLES: Physiological, Safety, Love/belonging, Esteem, Self-actualization

- Highest and Best Use