Bio 440-Lecture. Ch1

the study of microscopic organisms

micro=small, bio=life, logos=study

disease causing

-photosynthesis, digestion, vitamin synthesis, medicine, food, drinks, etc

• acellular- no cell
• unicellular- one cell

• viruses
• prions

in order to function they have to hijack a call and use its machinery. They cannot adapt, they can only replicate within the call

Prokaryotes- they have no nucleus, so their DNA and RNA is unbound and are unicellular. They contain no organelles and are the simplest living organisms

Eukaryotes- They have a nuclear membrane containing bound DNA and can be unicellular or multicellular. They contain membrane-bound organelles.

Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya

• -Eubacteria
• -Archaeobacteria
• -Protists
• -Fungi
• -Plants
• -Animalia

• -Peptidoglycan=protein and carbohydrate
• -Reproduction by binary fission: 1 cell dividing into 2 equal cells

inflammation of the brain from west nile virus

it is transmitted between birds and between horses and humans by mosquitos

• BSC or Mad cow disease
• Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease

Eschericia coli O157:H7

undercooked meat and unpasteurized beverages

A set of guidelines for determining the specific microorganism responsible for a particular disease.

• 1) Pathogen must be present in all disease cases
• 2) Isolate pathogen, cultivate in pure culture
• 3) Inoculate into susceptible animal, initiate disease symptoms
• 4) Re-isolate pathogen, confirm it's the same pathogen

• *uni-cellular forms: called yeasts
• *multi-cellulars: mushrooms, ringworm
• *Heterotrophs: they eat from organisms in their environment 
• - cell walls are made of chitin
• - bound DNA
• - non photosynthetic
• - a sexual and sexual reproduction

A process in which an agent causes an organic substance to break down into simpler substances

Domain Eukaryotes. Photosynthetic organism that is usually uni-cellular. Cell walls are made of cellulose. They can reproduce either sexually or asexually. (Ex: kelp, red alga)

Founder of the idea of "magic bullet"-chemotherapy

Partial sterilization of foods at a temperature that destroys harmful microorganisms without major changes in the chemistry of the food

The study of the relationship between microorganisms and their environment.

• An infectious protein particle similar to a virus, but lacking nucleic acid (DNA or RNA). Cannot be killed in an Auto-clave under regular conditions. Is responsible for diseases such as Mad Cow disease, Kuru (laughing disease-mortuary cannibalism)
• *Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies: Brain disease (An infected brain has a sponge like appearance).

• - Acellular 
• - not truly living make them agents NOT microbes.
• -live only by invading other cells. They take over (obligate) the cell to perform replication
• -DNA or RNA wrapped in protein.

Must use an electron microscope to view them (only 1-5 nanometers in size). Ex: HIV, Ebola, Influenza virus

Challenged the idea of spontaneous genesis with rotten meat experiment.

Domain Eukaryotes. Single celled organisms with the ability to move independently by means of flagella, cilia or psuedopods. (ex: ameoba-pseudopod, or heterotrophs: other feeders). Can live as free entities or parasites. They can reproduce either sexually or asexually.

The branch of medical science dealing with the transmission and control of disease.

The branch of medical science that studies bacteria in relation to disease.

The insertion of working copies of a gene into the cells of a person with a genetic disorder in an attempt to correct the disorder.

• Domain Eukaryotes. Single celled organisms with the ability to move independently by means of flagella, cilia or psuedopods. (ex: ameoba-pseudopod, or heterotrophs: other feeders). Can live as free entities or parasites. They can reproduce either sexually or asexually.
• *Animal-like
• *Motile
• *Wall-less (in active state)

The branch of study of all of an organism's genes.

The branch of medical science that studies viruses and viral diseases.

• - uni-cellular
• - cell walls that do not contain peptidoglycans. - They live in extreme environments (ex: mathanogens, halophiles).
• - Archaea are not known to cause disease in humans.
• - really ancient 
• - no nuclei

Introduced cleanliness and antisepsis into nursing and hospitals. She was wealthy and found the first nursing school. Used statistics to demonstrate the effectiveness of antiseptics (first female member of the royal statistical society)

idea that all living things are composed of cells, cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things, and new cells are produced from existing cells

Acellular (not cellular) and not truly living make them agents NOT microbes. Very small infectious agents that live only by invading other cells. They take over (obligate) the cell to perform replication. DNA or RNA wrapped in protein. Must use an electron microscope to view them (only 1-5 nanometers in size). Ex: HIV, Ebola, Influenza virus

The study of the relationship between microorganisms and their environment.

Discovery of antibiotics. Accidentally discovered the effects of mold (penicillin) during a lab experiment.

• Are single-celled organisms that do not have a membrane-bound nucleus. (includes: bacteria and archaea)
• Very small (1-5 micrometers)

Ability to produce disease

The use of chemical agents to treat or control disease. Original dream of "Magic Bullet." if manufactured in a laboratory they are called Synthetic Drugs.

Created experiments to help wine producers determine why their wine was spoiling. He later identified bacteria as a cause of spoilage and yeast as the cause of fermentation.

developed vaccines and early research of immunology

• - simple single-cell organisms
• - cell walls containing peptidoglycans
• - DNA unbound
• - no nuclei
• - grow by binary fission 
• - they are mobile (flagella)
• - environmentally important as symbionts and decomposers.
• - Medically important because they can cause disease and act as antibiotics

Disease prevention via antiseptic techniques. Noted that farmers used soap with carbolic acid to decrease infection of animals. He used Phenol (a carbox. acid deriv) to disinfect surgical areas and instruments. Decreased wound infection by 70-80%

"Blue-Green Algae," photosynthetic bacteria that are nitrogen fixers (make atomospheric nitrogen into a usable form). Not pathogenic except few strains which can cause dementia from the cyanobacterial neurotoxins.

The study of how genetic information is carried in molecules of DNA and how DNA directs the synthesis of proteins.

The branch of medical science that studies the body's immune system.

• Based experiment off of Von Leeuwenhoek's "animalcules."
• His experiment that boiled plants and beef gravy together and left for awhile then it sprouted "animalcules" supported the theory of spontaneous generation.

The claim that living cells can arise only from preexisting living cells.

Protista

Biofilm

bc the biofilm offers a protective barrier.*

able to cause disease

One of the five kingdoms that includes prokaryotic organisms (bacteria and archaea)

Disproved Spontaneous Generation. Created special bent necked flasks to allow steam to escape the flask when heating the broth, allowed "vital force" in, and the bend kept unwanted particles out. Broth remained sterile until he exposed it to open air or dust particles.

The act of treating waste or pollutants by the use of microorganisms (as bacteria) that can break down the undesirable substances

The study of protozoa and parasitic worms.

Microbes normally present in and on the human body.

1673 (Dutch) known for creation of simple microscopes and discovery of microbes he named "animalcules." Has been deemed "Father of Biology"

• Organisms made up of one or more cells that have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. Larger than prokaryotes. Size (> or equal to 10 micrometers).
• *Protists (slime molds, protozoa, and algae)
• *Fungi (unicellular yeasts, multicellular molds, and mushrooms)
• *Plants (mosses, ferns, conifers, and flowering plants)
• *Animals (sponges, worms, insects and vertebrates)

The branch of molecular biology that studies the use of microorganisms to perform specific industrial processes. (ex: stone washing denim)

Spallanzani felt Needham failed to heat and seal the broth sufficiently. He sought to prove spontaneous generation does not occur. His experiment was ignored bc his proponents believe he destroyed the "vital force" by prolonged heating and then sealed it out. "vital force" = Oxygen

an organism that lives in or on another organism, deriving nourishment at the expense of its host, usually without killing it.

Totally Drug Resistant disease

A disease in which pathogens invade a susceptible host, such as a human or animal. Usually transmittable. Also known as EIDs (emerging infectious diseases) if reemerging or new diseases cause outbreaks. Ex: H1N1 influenza

The branch of studies of fungi and fungus-caused diseases (includes: medical, agricultural and ecological branches of study)

The study of the mechanisms by which microorganisms inherit their traits.

• - multicellular (seaweed and kelp) 
• - unicellular (algea) 
• - heterotrophs= means that they eat off of organisms in the environment 
• -autotrophs= means that they get their energy from photosynthesis
• - plant-like, animal-like, and fungus-like

• - vectors: mosquitos, ticks
• - diseases: malaria, lyme disease, lice, etc

• - helminths: flatworms, roundworms
• - arthropods (insects/arachnids)

• -non pathogenic
• -many medicines come from plantae 
• -photosynthetic
• - cell walls made of cellulose 
• - asexual and sexual reproduction