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osmosis
- flow of water through membranes
- always a passive process
- can diffuse through plasma membrane or through aquaporins, a membrane protein
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active transport
goes against concentration gradient - uses ATP, which leaves a phosphate group and becomes ADP, provides the energy for the process to occur
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endocytosis
- entry of materials INTO a cell
- types: receptor mediated endocytosis, phagocytosis (large items, forms a u shape upward and englufs material) and pinocytosis (liquid into cell, cell forms a crevase and liquid materials enter, then cell closes it in)
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exocytosis
exit of materials from cell into surrounding extracellular fluid
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cytoskeleton
network of protein filaments throughout the cytosol
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golgi
packaging of proteins and vesicles carry proteins onwards
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types of vesicles
- secretory vesicles: remove proteins from the cell and secrete them to somewhere else
- membrane vesicles: send proteins to membrane to be attached (ie: glycoproteins)
- transport vesicles: proteins sent to other parts of cell,(ie: lysosome to act in aiding digestion)
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PMAT
- early prophase - chromatin is still forming chromosomes
- late prophase - chromosomes are formed, microtubules begin to attach to chromosomes and nuclear envelope begins to break apart
- metaphase - chromosomes line up at center
- early anaphase - chromosomes begin to separate and move to separate poles, cell starts to reshape in order to start division
- late anaphase - cleavage furrow forms, almost two separate cells
- telophase - cell splits into two separate cells
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