-
Cerebral Angiogram
- Invasive, injection of contrast dye
- Determines narrowing or blockage to cerebral artery
- r/o:
- ----CVA
- ----tumor
- ----aneurysm
- ----vascular malformation
-
Computed tomography (CT scan)
- 2D views of bones, tissues, organs
- can be invasive
- R/o:
- ----vascular malformation
- ----tumor
- ---- cyst
- ----herniated disc
- ----hemorrhage
- ----epilepsy
- ----encephalitis
- ----spinal stenosis
- ----intracranial bleeding
- ----head injury
-
Discography
- Invasive, injected dye into disk space + CT scan
- Evaluate the integrity and pathology of a spinal disk
-
Electroencephalography (EEG)
- Measure electrical activity of the brain
- R/o:
- ----seizures
- ----brain damage/death/ degenerative disorder/inflammation
- ----brain tumor
- ----alcoholism
- ----select psychiatric disorders
-
Electromyography (EMG)
- Invasive
- Assesses nerve and muscle dysfunction or SCI
- Records electrical activity from brain/SC to peripheral nerves
- R/o:
- ----muscle/nerve pathology
- ---- denervated muscle
- ----spinal cord disease
- ----LMN
-
Evoked potentials
- Non-invasive
- Two sets of electrodes that record the time it takes for impulse to reach brain
- Stimuli include: auditory, visual, prop
- r/o:
- ----MS
- ----brain tumor
- ----SCI
- ----acoustic neuroma
-
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
- Provides detailed images or organs, bones, and nerves
- Contrast dye can be used to enhance imaging
- R/o:
- ----brain/SC tumor
- ----MS
- ----head trauma
-
Myelography
- Invasive
- Contrast dye+ spinal tap + xray
- r/o:
- ----subarachnoid space abnormalities
- ----spinal nerve injury
- ----spinal tumor
- ----herniated disk
- ----fx
- ----back/leg pathologies, spinal tumor
-
Nerve conduction velocity (NCV)
- Stimulation of peripheral nerves to determine the nerve action potential and ability to send a signal
- R/o:
- ----peripheral neuropathies
- ----peripheral nerve compression
- ----demyelination pathologies
- ----carpal tunnel
-
Positron emission tomography (PET)
- 2D and 3D pictures of brain activity
- r/o:
- ----cerebral circulatory pathology
- ----metabolic dysfunction
- ----tumor
- ---brain changes to drug abuse
-
Spinal puncture (lumbar)
- Puncture below L1-L2 for cerebral spinal fluid sample
- r/o:
- hemorrhage
- inflammation
- infection
- meningitis
- tumor
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