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what is osmosis
Movement of solvent (water) across a selectively permeable membrane
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what is the pH scale
acid- base concentration
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1 on the pH scale means what?
very acidic
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7 on the pH scale means what
neutral
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14 on the pH scale means what?
very basic
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what are the 2 types of transport
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What is required for active transport?
ATP energy
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what is the difference between passive and active transport
active transport requires ATP passive does not
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What determines whether or not a substance can passively permeate a membrane?
- Lipid solubility of substance
- Channels of appropriate sizeCarrier proteins
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Types of passive transport
- Simple diffusion
- Carrier-meditated facilitated diffusion
- Channel-mediated facilitated diffusion
- osmosis
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if the process needs to slow down or stop it creates a_____________ or enhancing it in a ____________ so that the whole process continues at a faster rate
- negative feedback
- positive feedback
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2 major divisions _____- Head, neck, trunk. ____________- Limbs
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Name the 9 regions of the body
- Right hypochondriac region
- Epigastric region
- Left hypochondriac region
- Right lumbar region
- Umbilical region
- Left lumbar region
- Right iliac (inguinal) region
- Hypogastric (pubic) region
- left iliac (inguinal) region
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name the 4 quadrants of the body
- Right upper quadrant Left upper quadrant
- Right lower quadrant Left lower quadrant
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define organic compound
contain carbon. Covalently bonded molecules, and many are large.
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define inorganic compound
chemical substances that do not contain carbon these include water salts and many acids and bases
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what is anabolic reactions
always involve bond formation. Type of synthesis reaction
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what is catabolic reactions
reverse synthesis reactions, involve breaking of bonds. Decomposition reactions
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In blood clotting, the body sends lost and lots of platlets to stop the bleeding.... results in what type of feedback
positive
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Home heating system is set @ 68 degrees. When the room drops below that temp, it is triggered on to bring the temp up.... results in what type of feedback
negative
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name 4 of the 11 organ systems
- integumentary
- skeletal
- muscular
- nervous
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define the integumentary system
forms the external body covering and protecting deeper tissues from injury
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define the skeletal system
protects and supports body organs, and provides a framework for the muscles to use to cause movement
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define the muscular system
allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion, and facial expression, maintains posture, produces heat
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define the nervous system
fast-acting control system of body. Responds to internal and external changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands
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hair skin and nails are an example of what organ system
integumentary
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joints and bones are example of what organ system
skeletal system
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skeletal muscles are an example of what organ system
muscular system
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brain and spinal cord are an example of what organ system
nervous system
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name the 4 body cavities
- dorsal
- ventral
- thoracic
- abdominopelvic
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name the 2 subdivisions of the dorsal cavity and what they do
- cranial cavity- encases brain
- vertebral cavity- encases spinal cord
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name the 3 subdivisions of the thoracic cavity and what they do
- 2 pleural cavities (each houses a lung)
- Mediastinum- (contains pericardial cavity, surrounds thoracic organs)
- Pericardial cavity- (encloses heart)
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name the 2 subdivisions of the abdominopelvic cavity
- Abdominal- (contains stomach, intestines, spleen, and liver)
- Pelvic- (contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum)
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define histology
Study of tissues
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define cytology
Study of cells in the body
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define gross anatomy
macroscopic, study of large body structures by the naked eye
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name the 6 levels of structural organization that make up the human body and what they involve
- **Chemical- atoms and molecules
- **Cellular- cells and their organelles
- **Tissue- groups of similar cells
- **Organ- contains two or more types of tissue
- **Organ system- organs that work closely together
- **Organismal- all organ systems
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define homeostasis
Maintenance of a relatively stable internal environment despite continuous outside changes equilibrium
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what are the 5 characteristics necessary to maintain life
- Nutrients
- Oxygen
- Water
- Normal body temp
- Appropriate atmospheric pressure
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name some examples of a monosaccharide
glucose, fructose, ribose
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name some examples of a disaccharide
sucrose, maltose, lactose
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what are the levels of protein structure
- Primary
- Secondary
- Tertiary
- Quaternary
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what are the 10 structures of organic compounds
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Carbohydrates monosaccharides
- Disaccharides Polysaccharides
- Lipids Triglycerides
- Phospholipids Steroids
- Eicosanoids Proteins
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what is the fluid mosaic model of plasma membrane
bimolecular layer of lipids and proteins
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what happens to a cell when u put it into different solutions
there is a change in volume which disrupts cell function
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what are the 6 planes of the human body
- sagittal plane
- midsagittal (median) plane
- parasagittal plane
- frontal (coronal) plane
- transverse (horizontal) plane
- oblique sections
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sagittal plane
divides the body vertically into right and left parts
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midsagittal (median) plane
lies on the midline
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parasagittal plane
not on midline
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frontal (coronal) plane
divides the body vertically into anterior and posterior parts
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transvers (horizontal) plane
divides the body horizontally into superior and inferior parts
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oblique sections
cuts made diagonally
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back region of the body
dorsal
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directional term and example
superior
Toward the head end or upper part of the body of a structure or the body; above (ex. The head is superior to the abdomen
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directional term and example
inferior
away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure or the body; below (ex. The navel is inferior to the chin)
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directional term and example
ventral (anterior)
toward or at the front of the body; in front of (ex.the breastbone is anterior to the spine)
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directional term and example
medial
toward or at the midline of the body; on the inner side of (ex. The heart is medial to the arm)
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directional term and example
lateral
Away from the midline of the body; on the outer side of (ex. The arms are lateral to the chest)
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directional term and example
intermediate
between a more medial and a more lateral structre (ex. The collarbone is intermediate between the breastbone and shoulder)
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directional term and example
proximal
closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk (ex. The elbow is proximal to the wrist)
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directional term and example
distal
farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk(ex. The knee is distal to the thigh)
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directional term and example
superficial (external)
toward or at the body surface (ex. The skin is superficial to the skeletal muscles.)
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directional term and example
deep (internal)
away from the body surface more internal (ex. The lungs are deep to the skin)
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name the 6 types of energy
- kinetic
- potential
- chemical
- electrical
- mechanical
- radiant or electromagnetic
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kinetic energy
energy in action
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potential energy
stored energy that is, inactive energy that has the potential or capability but is not doing so
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chemical energy
stored in the bonds of chemical substances
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electrical energy
results from the movement of charged particles
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mechanical energy
directly involved in moving matter
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radiant or electromagnetic energy
energy that travels in waves
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protons have what type of charge
positive
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the nucleus contains protons and what
neutrons
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the nucleus has what kind of charge
positive
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a neutron has what kind of charge
neutral
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an electron has what kind of charge
negative
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what do acids do
release hydrogen ions
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what do bases do
take up hydrogen ions
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