Color -Physical Examination of Urine

Normal colors of urine range from ....to.... and are the result of normal metabolic end products such as urochrome , urobilin and uroerythrin.

causes the yellow color of urine; product of endogenous metabolism and under normal conditions, It is produced at a constant rate.

is an oxidation product of the normal urinary constituent Urobilinogen (colorless); imparts an orange-brown color to urine that is not fresh.

is a pink pigment that is most evident in refrigerated specimens resulting 
in the precipitation of amorphous urates.

– a sign of a urinary tract infection, which may also cause a bad smell.  
-may also be caused by bacteria, crystals, fat, white or red blood cells.

bilirubin oxidized to beliverdin as seen in severe obstructive jaundice.

homogentisic acid, Levodopa

for bilirubin, acriflavin , carrots or Vit. A & pyridium drugs like phenazopyridine

pseudomonas infection

polyuria , DM , DI