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- It is an analysis and examination that involves non-blood procedures.
CLINICAL MICROSCOPY
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the examination of the physical and chemical properties of urine.
Urinalysis
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Appearance- clear, most ...... color due to .....pigment from breakdown of hemoglobin- other color from foods, drugs and diseases.
colorless to deep amber- yellow color, urochrome
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cloudiness or blood could suggest ......
urinary tract infection, trauma or stones.
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blood in urine due to urinary tract infection, trauma or kidney stones.
Hematuria
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Specific gravity- compared to .....
distilled water
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density of urine ranges from .....
1.001-1.028.
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Osmolarity- (blood= ..... ).
300 mOsm/L
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osmolarity of urine ranges from
50 mOsm/L to 1200mOsm/L
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pH range: ...... to ...... , usually .....
4.5, 8.2, 6.o
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urine Chemical composition:
95% water and 5 % solutes.
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Normal to find: (13)
-urea, NaCl, KCl, creatinine, uric acid, phospate, sulfates, traces of calcium, magnesium and sometimes bicarbonate, urochrome and a trace of bilirubin.
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Abnormal to find:
glucose, free hemoglobin,albumin, ketones, bile pigments.
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Urine Volume
Normal volume for average adult
1 to 2 L/day
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........
-output in excess of ......
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........
- output of less than
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....... --.......
-low output from kidney disease
-dehydration
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indications of anuria
- low output from kidney disease
- dehydration
- circulatory shock
- Prostate enlargement
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The body cannot maintain less than ......
- Low concentration of waste in the plasma.
400 mL/day
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