Genetics

study of biologically inherited traits, including traits that are influenced in part by the environment

study of all the genes in an organism to understand their molecular organization, function, interaction, and evolutionary history

Elements of heredity that are transmitted from parents to offspring in reproduction

• DNA - material genes are made of
• uses deoxyribose as the sugar
• double stranded helix
• antiparallel

• RNA - used in part of the process of creating needed molecules based off of the genes in DNA
• single stranded helix
• Ribose is the sugar

• One component of a nucleotide
• 4 Nitrogenous bases in DNA: Adenine, Guanine, Tyrosine, Cytosine

a molecule consisting of a phosphate, sugar, and base

• Covalent bond formed between the 5' phosphate group of one nucleotide with the 3' hydroxyl group of the next nucleotide in line
• These bonds form the backbone of a nucleic acid molecule (aka DNA, RNA)

An organic base found in nucleic acids; Adenine and Guanine

An organic base found in nucleic acids; Cytosine, Thymine (in DNA), and Uracil (in RNA)

A weak noncovalent linkage between two negatively charged atoms in which a hydrogen atom is shared

• A purine base in DNA and RNA
• Bonds only with Cytosine

• A pyrimidine base in DNA and RNA
• Binds only with Guanine

• A purine base in DNA and RNA
• Binds with Thymine in DNA or Uracil in RNA

• A pyrimidine base found only in DNA
• Binds with Adenine

• A pyrimidine base found only in RNA
• Binds to Adenine in a RNA strand

A polymer composed of repeating units of phosphate-linked five-carbon sugars to which nitrogenous bases are attached

• Where one string of nucleotides runs one direction and pairs with another string of nucleotides running in the opposite direction
• Chemical orientation of the two strands of a double-stranded nucleic acid molecule; the 5'-3' orientation of the two strands are opposite each other

A mutant microorganism unable to synthesize a compound required for its growth but able to grow if the compound is provided

An organism able to grow in minimal medium without any added help

The observable properties of a cell or an organism, which result from the itneraction of the genotype and the environment.

The genetic constitution of an organism or virus, typically with respect to one or a few genes of interest, as distinguished from its appearance, or phenotype

A growth medium consisting of simpe inorganic salts, a carbohydrate, vitamins, organic bases, essential amino acids, and other essential compounds

Culture medium containing all required nutrients to support growth and cell division

Caused by a mutation that makes it impossible for the organism to produce a specific needed protein by halting the biosynthetic pathway

Sugar in DNA

Sugar in RNA

The DNA strand whose complement is synthesized as a continuous unit

an enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of DNA from deosynucleoside 5' triphosphates using a template strand

Separates the stands of DNA

A topoisomerase enzyme that helps to relax the tension in the coils during DNA replication

RNA primer of 2-5 bases that start DNA synthesis

binds single stranded DNA

The DNA strand whose complement is synthesized in short fragments later joined together

breaks internal phosphodiester bonds in DNA or RNA

An enzyme that removes a terminal nucleotide in apolnucleotide chain by cleavage of the terminal phosphodiester bond

Unwinds dsDNA and helps insert ssDNa and promotes replacement of homologous chromosomes

An enzyme that catalyzes formation of a cobalent bond between adjacent 5' P and 3' OH termini in a broken polynucleotide strand of double stranded DNA

Fixes a mismatched pair by choosing a strand and replacing the mismatched base with the correct base

formed during substage of first meiotic prophase and binds together homologous pairs of chromosomes during synapsis prophase of meiosis