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Genetics
study of biologically inherited traits, including traits that are influenced in part by the environment
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Genomics
study of all the genes in an organism to understand their molecular organization, function, interaction, and evolutionary history
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Genes
Elements of heredity that are transmitted from parents to offspring in reproduction
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Deoxyribonucleic acid
- DNA - material genes are made of
- uses deoxyribose as the sugar
- double stranded helix
- antiparallel
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Ribonucleic Acid
- RNA - used in part of the process of creating needed molecules based off of the genes in DNA
- single stranded helix
- Ribose is the sugar
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Nitrogenous Base
- One component of a nucleotide
- 4 Nitrogenous bases in DNA: Adenine, Guanine, Tyrosine, Cytosine
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Nucleotide
a molecule consisting of a phosphate, sugar, and base
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Phosphodiester Bonds
- Covalent bond formed between the 5' phosphate group of one nucleotide with the 3' hydroxyl group of the next nucleotide in line
- These bonds form the backbone of a nucleic acid molecule (aka DNA, RNA)
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Purine
An organic base found in nucleic acids; Adenine and Guanine
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Pyrimidine
An organic base found in nucleic acids; Cytosine, Thymine (in DNA), and Uracil (in RNA)
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Hydrogen Bonds
A weak noncovalent linkage between two negatively charged atoms in which a hydrogen atom is shared
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Guanine
- A purine base in DNA and RNA
- Bonds only with Cytosine
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Cytosine
- A pyrimidine base in DNA and RNA
- Binds only with Guanine
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Adenine
- A purine base in DNA and RNA
- Binds with Thymine in DNA or Uracil in RNA
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Thymine
- A pyrimidine base found only in DNA
- Binds with Adenine
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Uracil
- A pyrimidine base found only in RNA
- Binds to Adenine in a RNA strand
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Nucleic Acid
A polymer composed of repeating units of phosphate-linked five-carbon sugars to which nitrogenous bases are attached
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Antiparallel
- Where one string of nucleotides runs one direction and pairs with another string of nucleotides running in the opposite direction
- Chemical orientation of the two strands of a double-stranded nucleic acid molecule; the 5'-3' orientation of the two strands are opposite each other
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Auxotroph
A mutant microorganism unable to synthesize a compound required for its growth but able to grow if the compound is provided
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Phototroph
An organism able to grow in minimal medium without any added help
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Phenotype
The observable properties of a cell or an organism, which result from the itneraction of the genotype and the environment.
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Genotype
The genetic constitution of an organism or virus, typically with respect to one or a few genes of interest, as distinguished from its appearance, or phenotype
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Minimal Medium
A growth medium consisting of simpe inorganic salts, a carbohydrate, vitamins, organic bases, essential amino acids, and other essential compounds
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Complete Medium
Culture medium containing all required nutrients to support growth and cell division
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Genetic Block
Caused by a mutation that makes it impossible for the organism to produce a specific needed protein by halting the biosynthetic pathway
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Leading strand
The DNA strand whose complement is synthesized as a continuous unit
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DNA Polymerase
an enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of DNA from deosynucleoside 5' triphosphates using a template strand
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Helicase
Separates the stands of DNA
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Gyrase
A topoisomerase enzyme that helps to relax the tension in the coils during DNA replication
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Primer
RNA primer of 2-5 bases that start DNA synthesis
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SSB
binds single stranded DNA
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Lagging Strand
The DNA strand whose complement is synthesized in short fragments later joined together
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Endonuclease
breaks internal phosphodiester bonds in DNA or RNA
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Exonuclease
An enzyme that removes a terminal nucleotide in apolnucleotide chain by cleavage of the terminal phosphodiester bond
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RecA protein
Unwinds dsDNA and helps insert ssDNa and promotes replacement of homologous chromosomes
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Ligase
An enzyme that catalyzes formation of a cobalent bond between adjacent 5' P and 3' OH termini in a broken polynucleotide strand of double stranded DNA
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Mismatch repair enzyme
Fixes a mismatched pair by choosing a strand and replacing the mismatched base with the correct base
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Synaptonemal complex
formed during substage of first meiotic prophase and binds together homologous pairs of chromosomes during synapsis prophase of meiosis
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