Anatomy Lecture Exam I

the study of structure of the body

Inspection (physical exam) , Dissection (cadaver vs. comparative anatomy), Gross Anatomy (naked eye), Microscopic Anatomy (microscope)

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the study of the function of the body

individual living thing

group of organs that work together for a specific task

group of two or more tissue types with a specific function

a group of similar cells that form a region of an organ & have similar structure and function

smallest unit of a living organism that can carry out the basic functions of life

differentiated structure within a cell

particle made up of at least two atoms

smallest particle matter with an unique chemical identity

maintaining a constant internal environment or equilibrium

any disruption of homeostasis that threatens physical or emotional well-being

process where the body senses a change and activates mechanism to negate or reverse it

receptor or sensor(senses the change), integrating or control center (process the information from the receptor and make a "decision" on how to respond), effector (cell or organ that carries out the corrective action)

a self-amplifying cycle in which a physiological change leads to even more change in the same direction

skin, hair, nails. Function: protection, thermo regulation, vitamin D

bones, cartilage, ligaments. Function: support, protection, movement, blood cell formation

skeletal muscles. Function: movement, stability

nerves, brain, spinal cord, ganglia. Function: communication, coordination, motor control, sensation.

pituitary, pineal, thyroid, parathyroid, thymus, adrenals, pancreas, testes, ovaries. Function: hormones

heart, blood vessels. Function: distribute nutrients, oxygen, hormones, waste, etc. Fluid balance.

lymph nodes, lymph vessels, thymus, spleen, tonsils. Function: defend against disease and recovery of excess tissue fluid.

nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs. Function: absorb oxygen, discharge CO2, acid-base balance, speech.

mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, SI, LI, liver, gallbladder, pancreas. Function: nutrient breakdown and absorption.

kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra. Function: elimination of waste, regular blood pressure and blood volume, stimulate red blood cell (RBC) production, electrolyte and acid-base balance

ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, mammary glands. Function: egg production, fetal development, make sex hormones, lactation.

testes, vas deferens, prostate, penis. Function: sperm production, makes sex hormones.

• Four Steps:
• 1. observation.
• 2. hypothesize
• 3. experiment
• 4. conclusions & reporting

make numerous observation to draw generalizations and predictions. raises issue of proof

Variable (any condition of an experiment), Experimental Group (group that contains the tested variable), Control Group (group that does not contain the tested variable)

anything that has mass and takes up space. All organisms are made of matter.

a substance that cannot be changed into another substance. Ex. Hydrogen, Oxygen.

the smallest particle of an element that retains the characteristics of the element.

neutral charge. (in nucleus)

negative charge (orbit around nucleus)

positive charge (in nucleus)

number of proton

protons + neutrons

atoms of an element with different numbers of neutrons

particle made of 2 or more atoms united by a chemical bond.

molecule consist of 2 of the same type of atom bonded together

molecule consist of 2 or more different elements

charged atoms with unequal numbers of protons and electrons. They give up or gain an electron to try to become more stable.

positively charged ion. gave up an electron

negatively charged ion. gained an electron

salts that ionize in water and form solutions capable of conducting electricity.

= ions

a chemical particle carrying an odd number of electrons.

BAD

a chemical that neutralized free radicals

GOOD

two ions are attracted to each other and bond because of an opposite charge. weak.

two atoms share electrons. [strongest bond]

evenly distributing charge

water. have slight opposite charges on either end

water molecules. the - side of the molecule (oxygen) is attracted to the + side of another molecule [hydrogen]. Not stuck together, just stay close. weakest

a compound that releases hydrogen ions in solution

a compound that accept hydrogen ions

an ionic compound that does NOT contain H+ or OH- and comes from an acid-base reaction

the measurement of the H+ concentration in a solution. Expression of acidity

neutral pH

acidic pH

Basic or Alkaline pH

higher H

7.35- 7.45

any mechanism that resists large changes in pH. maintain homeostasis for pH.

take up or give off H+ ions

control output of acids, bases, or CO2.

• 1. Bicarbonate: Shift to the right, equals more Hydrogen in body which makes pH lower. Shift to left decreases Hydrogen ions, which increases pH.
• 2. Phosphate:
• Proteins:

• 1. Respiratory system: 2-3 times stronger than chemical buffers. breath CO2. ventilation less or more adds or decreases CO2.
• 2. Urinary System: Because it actually expels H+ from the body, the urinary system is the strongest buffering system in our body.

tendency of one substance to cling to another

the tendency of molecules of the same substance to cling to each other

the movement of liquid along the surface of a solid due to the attraction of the liquid molecules to the solid molecules

manifestation of cohesion of water at the surface

the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of a substance by 1 degree C

amount of heat it takes to convert liquid to vapor

Covalently bonded, polar molecule.

ability to dissolve other chemicals.

ability to participate in chemical reactions.

the study of carbon compounds

Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acid.

monosaccharides (aka simple sugars) ex. glucose, fructose

Functions: source of energy and in structure

fatty acids and alcohols.

Functions: energy storage. thermal insulation. cushion. cell membrane structure. chemical signals between cells

amino acids.

• functions:
• structure: Keratin (hair, skin, nails). Collagen (cartilage, deep layers of skin)
• communication: hormones
• Membrane transport
• Metabolism: enzymes
• Protection: antibodies, clotting proteins

• nucleotides
• example: DNA, RNA

functions: heredity, protein synthesis

Adenosine Triphosphate. a nucleotide. The fuel of living cells.

assembling organic molecules by extracting water. aka condensation.

breaking up organic molecules using water.

lower the activation energy [energy needed to start a reaction], speeding up chemical processes

• ubstrate {substance the enzymes act on} specific
• not consumed by the reaction they catalyze
• affected by pH and temperature outside of the ideal range which change their shape. must be in perfect condition to work