-
Bacteria are classified by
-
the propagation of MO on various media
Culture and sensitivity
-
antibiotics are either
Bactericidal or bacteristatic
-
antibiotics that are bactericidal
- Penicillin
- cephalosporin
- vancomycin
- aminoglycide
- fluroquinoles
- flagyl
-
antibiotics that are bacteristatic
- Macrolides
- lncomycins
- tetracyclines
- chloromycetin
- sulfonomide
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new or secondary infection from an organism different from what cause initial infection
Super infection
-
Empiric therapy
Use ab to treat infection before organisms have be id
-
prophylactic therapy
To protect a person from an attack from which has been or might be exposed to
-
cross sensitivity
If your allergic to one your probably allergic to the other
-
cross sensitivity occurs between
Penicillin and cephalosporins
-
an adverse effect of penicillin
Anaphylactic shock
-
adverse effects
1) otoxicity
2) nephrotoxicity
3) hepatotoxicity
4) bone marrow suppression
- 1) tinnitus
- 2) abd kidney function
- 3) elevated liver enzymes
- 4) anemia thrombocytopenia leukopenia
-
aminglycosides areknown for two adverse reactions
Otoxicity and nephrotoxicity
-
sulfonomides are used to treat
-
A major side effect of sulfonomide is___ and is treated w ____
- Crytaluria( kidney stone)
- drink lots of water
-
Rifampin side effect
Red/orange discoloration of urine feces saliva sputum sweat tears
-
If patient responds positively to an anti TB test
- Improved chest x ray
- (-) sputum
- decreasefever increased energy
-
Tetracyclines have a tendency to ____ so don't eat _____
-
define chelate
bind w metallic ions
-
why should tetracyclines not be given to children under 8
deposit in forming teeth
-
Anti-Protozoa are used to treat
-
which parasite causes malaria
Plasmodium
-
anti malarial side effects
- Alopecia
- visual disturbances
-
what type of drug is flagyl
Antibacterial and anti protozal
-
Flagyl can treat
- Amebiasis
- trichmonas
- bone infection
- brain absces
- cns
- bacteroa
- uti
- aapmc
-
flagyl is not ____
An antihelmth or antifungal
-
-
Amphoercin b can be administered ____ and used to treat ____
- Parenterally
- systemic fungal infections
-
applied on living tissue
bacteriostatic
Antiseptics
-
non living agents
bacreicidal
Disenfectants
-
Most common nosocomial infection
Uti
-
Define the ELISA and western blot
Used to detect the antibodies to HIV but not the virus
western blot is confirmatory test
-
What is official diagnosis of AIDS
T helper count drops below 200 cells per ml
-
Define immunosuppressant
- Depress immune system
- organ transplant patient
-
define immunodulators
- Boost immune system
- patients recieving chemo
-
Interleukins
- -Immunodulators
- -capillary lead system
- - stimulate killer t cell, NK cell and bcell
-
Colony stimulating factors are used in
Cancer patients recieving chemotherapy
-
chemo(anti-neoplastic meds) ___ bone marrow recovery
decrease
-
growth of microbes in different parts of body
colonizations
-
natural/passive immunity
mother-fetus
-
natural/active immunity
getting the disease
-
artificial/passive immunity
injection of gammaglobulins
-
artificial/active immunity
vaccine or toxoids
-
etiology factors for cancer
- age
- sex
- genes
- ethnicity
- oncogenic virus
-
benign tumors
- encapsulated; do not metasize
- similar to tissue of origin
- slow growth
- rarely come back
-
malignant tumor
- not encapsulated; do metasize
- not similar to tissue
- unpredictable growth
- commonly return
-
where do they develop?
1) carcinomas
2) sarcomas
3) lymphomas
- 1) epithelial tissue
- 2) connective tissue
- 3) lymphatic tissue
-
define gompertzian growth kenetics
- -growth of tumors
- - early stages grows fast
- -later stages the growth rate decreases
-
chemo is most effective against
small tumors because of their efficient blood supply
-
removal of large tumors reduces
the tumor cell burden
-
what kind of chemo is most effective
combination
-
each drug should be ___ for the specific cancer
active
-
each drug should have a diff. site of action in the
cell cycle
-
each drug should have a differnet __ toxicity
organ
-
CCNS agents
- alkylating agents
- cytoxic antibodies
-
CCS agents
- antimetabolite
- mitotic inhibit
- topoisomerase
- misc
-
define super infection/ indirect toxicity
antibiotic decreases or eliminates normal bacteria flora
-
Penicillin
1) produced from
2) MOA
- 1) fungus
- 2) interfere w bacteria cell wall synthesis
-
penicillin
1) used to treat
- g+ and g-
- strep/staph/meningi coccal
- syphilis, diphtheria, endocarditit
-
what is resistant to penicillin
cause of gonorreha
-
natural penicillins
1) effective against__ but not ___
- 1) spirochets, g+, g- aerobic cocci;
- penicillinase, g- bacilli
-
penicillinase resistant penicillins
1) spectrum
2) used for
- 1) narrow
- 2) peniccilinase g+ cocci(staphycoccal)
-
aminopenicillins
1) spectrum
2) effective against
- 1) broad
- 2) g- aerobes (Ecoli)
-
extended spectrum penicillins
1)spectrum
2) treatment of which infection
- 1) wide "semisynthestic"
- 2) pseudomonas
-
cephalosporins
1) spectrum
2) active against
-
this group has been overused and has increased bacterial resistance
cephelosporins
-
cephalosporins
1) MOA
2) they are used
- 1) bacterial cell wall synthesis
- 2) prophylactically in high risk patients for surgery
-
cephalosporins
1) 1st generation
2) 2nd gen
3) 3rd gen
4) 4th gen
- 1) g+, pneumonia, uti
- 2) g + and g-, bacterial influenza
- 3) g-, STD
- 4) cefepime admin. parenterally, g- and g+
-
macrolides
1)toxicity
2) resistance
-
macrolide
1) MOA
2) Uses
- 1) inhibit protein synthesis
- 2) resp. infection, skin (acne), STD ( when allergic to penicillin)
-
erythromycin should not be combined with
- verapamil
- ditaiazem
- fluconazole
-
___ not administered orally, just parent, im, iv because of ____
- aminoglycosides
- poor GI absorption
-
aminoglycosides
1) MOA
2) uses
- 1) bind and disrupt protein synthesis
- 2) short term treat, g-, only when less toxic agents are unavailable
-
___ 1st broad spectrum ab released in USA
tetracyclines
-
tetracyclines
1) MOA
2) uses
- 1) interfere with protein synthesis in g- and g+
- 2) rickettsia, chlamydia, acne, rocky mount, h pylori,
-
__ is an excellent oral absorption
fluoroquinoles
-
fluoroquinoles
1) MOA
2) uses
3) resistant
- 1) alter DNA
- 2) skin, bone, joint, uti, lower resp, gonorehha, pneumonia, anthrax, GI
- 3) P. aeruguinosa and S aerus
-
____ agents have serious side effects and children and adults
fluoroquinoles
-
lincomycins
1) MOA
2) uses
- 1) inhibit protein synthesis
- 2) bone, joint, pelvic, septcimia, pneumonia, tissue infect,
-
lincomycin drug and drug associations
clindamycin- wide, rt infect, septcim, osteo, female pelvic, aids
-
vancomycin
1) MOA
2) uses
- 1) cell lysis
- 2) MRSA, g+ in penicillin allergy, Parenteral IV, VRSA, VRE
- -Oral: AAPMC
-
linezolid
1) MOA
2) uses
- 1) inhibit protein synthesis, strep/staph/entero cocci
- 2) pneumonia, skin, VRE, diabetic foot,
-
___ first new AB to target MRSA and VRE in 35 years
linezolid
-
metronidoazole
1) agent
2) MOA
3) uses
- 1) synthetic, antibacterial/ antiprotozoal
- 2) disrupt DNA and protein synthesis
- 3) anerobic bacteria and protozoan
-
___ is the most common used AB agents in the world especially against UTI
sulfonamides
-
sulfonamides
1) MOA
2) uses
- 1) inhibit bacterial enzyme to prevent synthesis of folic acid
- 2) UTI, nocardosis, burn, pneumonia in aids pt.
-
UTI drug
1) antiseptic
2) analgesics
- 1) nitrofurantonin
- 2) phenazopyridine(orange)
-
used to treat sever systemic, and fatal fungi infections
amphotericin B
-
acyclovir/valacyclovir
1) MOA
2) uses
- 1) viral DNA synthesis and replication
- 2) HSV-1(oral), HSV-2
-
amantadine
1)MOA
2) uses
- 1) block influenza A, dopamine in CNS
- 2) prevent/ treat influenza A
-
neuramidase inhibitors
1) MOA
2) uses
- 1) inhibits neuromindase, influenza A and B
- 2) adults, children over 1
-
neuramidase agents
- oseltamivir- oral
- zanamivir-inhaled
-
antiretroviral drugs
- treat HIV
- cocktail called HAART
-
CCR5- tropic HIV-1 Antagonists
- block CCR5 receptors
- -maraviroc
-
fusion inhibitors
prevent gp41 viral protein from attatching to fusion domain
-enfuvirtide
-
NRTI
1) MOA
2) drugs
- 1) false bases
- 2) emtici
- didanos
- lamivud
- stavud
- tenof
- zidovu
-
NNRTI
1) MOA
2) uses
- 1) bind directly to RT enzyme and block DNA w/o harming DNA activity
- 2) delavird
- nevira
- efavirenz
-
define medical asepsis
absence of pathogenic organism
-
define surgical asepsis
abscense of all microorganisms
-
cytoxic t cells
helper t cells
suppressor t cells
- - cell lysis
- - master controller of immune system
- - limit immune system especially antitumor activity
-
___ lymphocytes are the only ones that can make antibodies
B
-
interferons
enhance activity of macrophages and NK cells
-
colony stimulating factor
responsible for production of RBC, WBC, platelets etc
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