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Important components of food that are needed by the body for reproduction, growth, and good health are ________.
nutrients
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Circular rings of smooth muscle that regulate the movement of food through the gastrointestinal tract are ________.
sphincters
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Rhythmic waves of contraction called ________ move food through the esophagus.
peristalsis
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Mucosal cells of the stomach secrete ________ , which binds to vitamin B12 so that it can be better absorbed in the small intestine.
intrinsic factor
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Region of the small intestine that is NOT associated with absorption of nutrients is called ________.
duodenum
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“Brush border” refers to ________ found on the surface of the epithelial cells of the small intestine.
microvilli
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Bile salts make fats easier to breakdown and mix with water through a process called ________.
emulsification
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The digestion of proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates is completed in the ________.
small intestine
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The liver stores excess glucose as _________.
glycogen
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The small, fingerlike structure that extends from the cecum is the ________; this organ has no known digestive function.
appendix
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Bacteria residing in the large intestine release ________, which is absorbed by the human host and used for the process of blood clotting.
vitamin K
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Gastrin is a hormone secreted by the ________.
stomach
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Natural sugars such as those from fruit and honey are classified as ________ (simple/complex).
simple
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Fats that are liquids at room temperature are ________ (saturated/unsaturated).
unsaturated
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The amount of energy needed by the body to perform essential functions such as breathing is the ________.
basal metabolic rate (BMR)
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Waste products that contain nitrogen are produced by cells as they metabolize ________ (proteins/lipids/carbohydrates).
proteins
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The metabolism of proteins for energy results in ________ being produced and since it is toxic to cells it is converted to urea.
ammonia
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The kidneys are connected to the urinary bladder by the ________.
ureters
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Urine is moved through the ureter to the bladder by muscular contractions known as ________.
peristalsis
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Each kidney is made up of a million ________, the functional unit of a kidney.
nephrons
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The glomerulus (capillary network) of each nephron is enclosed by a portion of the nephron known as ________.
Bowman’s capsule
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Nutrients, water, and ions reabsorbed by the proximal and distal tubules enter the ________capillaries.
peritubular
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The mechanism of countercurrent exchange predominantly is used by the ________.
loop of Henle
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Sodium is moved out of tubular cells by ________.
active transport
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Chloride ions move by ________ , following transport of sodium out of tubular cells.
passive diffusion
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Intense exercise causes an increase in ________ (2 words) in the blood which will decrease pH and must be removed through tubular secretion.
hydrogen ions
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When blood volume is low _________ is released to increase water reabsorption at the collecting duct.
antidiuretic hormone
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Angiotensinogen is converted to angiotensin II by ________.
renin
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The steroid hormone ________ regulates the reabsorption of sodium across the collecting duct and distal tubule.
aldosterone
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Three organs in the human body are involved in the production of vitamin D; they are the ________, ________, and ________.
skin, liver, kidneys
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Arrival of an action potential at an axonal terminals results in the release of ________.
neurontransmitter
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The contraction of smooth and cardiac muscle is controlled by the ________ nervous system.
autonomic
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For an action potential to be generated, a minimum membrane voltage, or ________ , must be reached.
threshold
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Shifting the membrane potential of a neuron from negative to positive, due to inward movement of sodium ions, is referred to as ________.
depolarization
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To re-establish the resting membrane potential in a neuron, the ________ must be activated.
sodium-potassium pump
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Research involving graded potentials has shown that a neuron receiving many incoming signals from other neurons experiences a larger change in membrane potential than from one incoming impulse alone. This phenomenon is known as ________.
summation
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The ________ controls many functions in the body, including regulating body temperature and hunger drive.
hypothalamus
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Cells in nerve tissue that support and protect neurons are ________ cells.
neuroglial
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Given a particular neuron, an action potential either occurs or does not occur, depending on the strength of the stimulus; therefore, the action potential is described as ________.
all or none
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Cranial nerves and spinal nerves are part of the ________ nervous system.
peripheral
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Bacterial and viral infections of the brain are rare because of the protective nature of the ________.
blood-brain barrier
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Since the central nervous system is so important to the proper functioning of the body, the brain is protected by the ________ and the spinal cord is protected by the ________.
skull, vertebrae
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The left and right cerebral hemispheres are interconnected by nerve tract network called the
________.
corpus callosum
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The ability to stand and move is due primarily to the action of ________ reflexes.
stretch
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Short-term memory is associated with the ________ , while long-term memory is associated with changes in the ________.
limbic system, adrenal medulla
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________ neurons transmit information about stimuli, in the form of electrical impulses, to integration centers.
sensory
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When an individual first gets dressed, he is conscious of the clothing on his body. A short time later, however, he is no longer aware of it. This is known as ________.
receptor adaptation
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Olfactory receptor cells have a dendritic end that branches into several ________.
olfactory cells
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Pain caused by a heart attack is often felt in the left shoulder and left arm. This phenomenon is known as ________ pain.
referred
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________ often times is not even detected until seconds or even minutes after an injury; this is due to activation of chemically sensitive pain receptors.
slow-pain
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The passageway that extends from the middle ear to the throat is the ________; this structure equalizes air pressure in the middle ear with atmospheric pressure.
eustachian tubule
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The structure of the cochlea that converts pressure waves to nerve impulses is the ________; it is composed of hair cells and a tectorial membrane.
organ of corti
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The movement of tiny, bonelike crystals called ________, located in the vestibule of the vestibular apparatus, is important in determining the position of the head.
otoliths
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It is common for people who are traveling in cars or planes to experience an unpleasant sensation known as ________, which is due to conflicting sensory inputs from receptors located in muscles and tendons, the eyes, and the vestibular apparatus.
motion sickness
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The middle layer of tissue in the back of the eye that consists of pigmented cells and blood vessels is the ________.
choroid
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The ________ regulates the amount of light entering the eye.
iris
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A student is staring directly at a bird outside the classroom window. The image of the bird is focused on the ________ of the retina.
fovea centrials
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The two structures of the eye that focus light are the ________ and ________.
cornea, lens
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Light causes the pigment rhodopsin to ________, which in turn causes sodium channels on the photoreceptor cell to close.
change shape
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Vision in dim light is due to the activity of ________ cells.
rod
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Nonsteroid hormones require a ________ on the cell surface to communicate with cells.
receptor
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Steroid hormones depend on receptors inside the cell because these hormones are ________.
lipid-souble
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________ cells function in both the nervous and endocrine systems.
neuroendocrine
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Nonsteroid hormones are ________ acting than steroid hormones because they activate enzyme cascades within a cell.
faster
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Hormones important in maintaining homeostasis are generally part of a ________ feedback loop.
negative
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Neuroendocrine cells are located in the ________ and ________.
hypothalamus, adrenal medulla
-
Releasing and inhibiting hormones from the hypothalamus are carried to the anterior pituitary gland by the ________.
pituitary portal system
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Hormones from the anterior pituitary gland are secreted in response to the presence of ________ from the hypothalamus.
releasing hormones
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The endocrine cells of the pancreas are located in small groupings throughout the organ known as the ________.
islets of Langerhans
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A student just finished a delicious breakfast of pancakes with syrup, orange juice, and Danish pastries. Because his blood sugar level has increased, the pancreas will secrete ________.
insulin
-
Although most of the estrogen and testosterone produced in the human body is made by the ovaries and testes respectively, small amounts of these hormones are also produced by the ________.
adrenal cortex
-
The effect of parathyroid hormone is to ________ blood calcium levels.
raise
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Lymphocytes mature to T cells in the ________.
thymus
-
The pineal gland secretes ________, also known as the "hormone of darkness."
melatonin
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Diabetes type _____ occurs when the pancreas cannot produce enough insulin.
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