U.S. History Final Exam

1854- Created Nebraska and Kansas as states and gave the people in those territories the right to chose to be free or slave state through popular sovereignty.

When people hold the final authority in all matters of government.

People who believed that slaves should be against the law.

A novel published by Harrier Beecher Stowe in 1852 which portrayed slavery as brutal and immoral.

• A ruling by the Supreme Court in 1857
• Reversed by the Fourteenth Amendment in 1868
• Black Americans were not citizens under the Consitution

• in 1859, the militant abolitionist John Brown seized the U.S. arsenal at Harper's Ferry.
• Planned to end slavery by massacring slave owners and freeing their slaved.
• Was captured and excited.

• 16th President of the U.S.
• Saved the Union during the Civil War
• Emancipated the salves
• Was assassinated by Booth (1809 -1863)

President of the Confederate States of America

• A Southerner from Tennessee
• V.P. when Lincoln was killed, he became president
• Opposed radical Republicans who passed Reconstruction Acts over his veto.
• The first U.S. president to be impeached.
• Survived the Senate removal by only one vote.
• Was a very weak President.

• General in the Confederate Army during the Civil War
• His troops were at the first Battle of Bull Run
• He stood like a stone wall (1824 - 1863)
• Shot by his own men

A member of Congress during Reconstruction who wanted to ensure that freedman received the right to vote.

Prohibition of slavery (1865)

Guarantees equal protection of the laws (1868)

Forbids any state to deny blacks the right to vote because of race.  (1869)

Southern laws that severely limited the rights of African Americans after the Civil War.

To bring charges of serious wrongdoing against a public official.

White southerners who supported the Republicans during Reconstruction.

A negative nickname for a northerner who went to the South after the Civil War.

They supported slavery

Renting a plot of land from a person and farms in exchange for a share of the crop.

• Extremely close election in which the Republican and Democratic candidates tied
• Ended reconstruction

Supreme Court rules that it is legal for a state to create separate facilities for blacks and whites.

Law that separated people of different races in public places in the South.

Legal separation of people based on racial, ethnic, or other differences.

Secret society organized in the South after the Civil War to continue white leadership by means of violence.

• Territory in western United States purchased from France in 1803 for $15 million
• Extends from the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains and from the Gulf of Mexico to Canada.

Two explorers sent by the president to explore the Louisiana Purchase.

The Native American women who was the personal guide and translator for Lewis and Clark and their expedition in northern Louisiana Territory.

A result of the War of 1812, the U.S. acquired Florida from Spain and fixed the settlement of the western boundary of Louisiana.

The belief that the U.S. should extend all the way to the pacific ocean?

• Texas gave up status as an independent nation to be added on to the U.S. in 1845
• Triggered war between the U.S. and Mexico

Site of battle where 200 Texans were surrounded and slaughtered by 600 Mexican forces.

A period from 1848 to 1856 when thousands of people came to California in order to search for gold.

• A route from Independence, Missouri to Oregon City, Oregon.
• Used by the pioneers traveling to the Oregon Territory

An American foreign policy opposing interference in the Western hemisphere from outside powers.

A policy in which a strong nation seeks to dominate other countries politically, socially, and economically.

• Also called yellow journalism
• A term used to describe the sensationalist newspaper writing of the time of the Spanish American war
• They were written on cheap yellow paper
• The most famous yellow journalists was William Randolph Hearst.
• Yellow journalism was considered tainted journalism (Omissions and half - truths.

• The ship the "Maine" sunk during the Spanish/American war.
• The yellow press quickly pounced on the tragedy to inform everyone about it.

An agreement signed by British and American leaders that stated the U.S. was a free and independent country.

Volunteer solders led by Theodore Roosevelt during the Spanish American War.

A ship that exploded off the coast of Cuba in Havana harbor and helped contribute to the start of the Spanish - American war.

A policy proposed by the US in 1899, under which all nations would have equal opportunities to trade in China.

A statement of foreign policy which proclaimed that Europe should not interfere in affairs within the US or in the development of other countries in the Western Hemisphere.

• The 26 President
• Known for: Conservationism, trust - busting, Hepburn Act, safe food regulations, "Sqare Deal," Panama Canal, Great White Fleet, Nobel Peace Prize for negotiation of peace in Russo - Japanese War

• A war fought between the U.S. and Spain in Cuba and the Philippines.
• Lasted less than 3 months.

It resulted in Cuba's independence as well as the US annexing Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines

• Fighting with trenches, mines, and barbed wire.
• Horrible living conditions, great slaughter, no gains, stalemate.
• Used in WWI.

Germany, Austria-Hungary, Turkey

• Assassinated in 1914 by a Serbian terrorist.
• His assassination started the conflict of WWI.

• British passenger ship sunk by a German U-boat.
• 1200 people died including 128 Americans.

• German telegram sent to Mexico proposing an alliance.
• Stated that Germany would help Mexico reconquer the lose territory of New Mexico.

Required men 21-30 to register to be drafted into the armed services.

Wilson's ideals after war, freedom of ships on the seas, smaller armies, end of secret agreements between nations.

Money from the sale of these provided loans tot he Allies to buy food and war supplies.

• Truce that ended the war.
• 11th hour, 11th day, 11th month, 1918 (Veterans Day)

German leader who thought Germany could get through Belgium to get to France before Russia could mobilize their troops and the war would be over in 6 months.

• Britain, France, Russia
• Later joined by Italy

To prepare military for war.

• Germany's plan for a fast attack on France then an attack on Russia.
• Belgium slowed them down.

France, Britain, & Russia's alliance

The area between opposing trenches.

• Submarines
• Were the worlds largest and most advanced
• Caused heavy losses to Allied shipping.

Neither side can win a clear victory.

Airplanes, poison gas, machine guns, and tanks.

Posters created to encourage Americans to support the war.

Militarism, alliances, imperialism, and nationalism.

• Final peace settlement of WWI.
• Harsh on Germany

American foot soldiers.

A kitchen garden planted during wartime to relieve food shortages.

• Heir to throne in Austria who was assassinated by a Serb nation allisted.
• Started the war

• Austria-Hungary & Germany
• Later joined by Bulgaria & the Ottoman Empire.

Russian czar who hesitated to mobilize troops after Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia.

Peace treaty to keep Russia out of the war.

• Germany, Austria-Hungary alliance
• Later joined by Italy

• Organization of nations formed to settle international disputes and maintain peace
• Failed
• Us didn't join
• No military force

• French+German armies built protective ditches.
• They dug simple holes or complex networks with rooms for sleeping and eating.

The building up of military forces or strong influence of military values on a society.

A situation in which the strength of rival alliances is nearly equal.

Made it illegal for Americans to speak disloyally about the U.S. government.

People who seek the equal distribution of wealth and an end to all forms of private property.

A truce

The right of people to decide their own political status.

Payments for damages and expenses caused by the war.

President of the United States during WWI.

• A woman who drank and smoked in public.
• Wore short skirts, make-up and suffered from eh double standard.

Rural residents, members of organized crime and women's Christian Temperance Union

A term which describes liberal thinkers during the roaring 20's.

Underground hidden nightclubs where people can obtain liquor illegally.

A plan to pay for goods by putting a small amount of money down and continuing to pay a small amount each month.

One of America's greatest composers and jazz pianist.

• The leader of organized crime in Chicago
• In charge of the St. Valentines Day Massacre.

Important jazz musician who played the trumpet.

• A well known composer
• Wrote "Rhapsody in Blue"

• Writer who criticized the glorification of war
• Wrote "The Old Man and the Sea"

He wrote "The Great Gatsby"

He made the first non-stop flight across the Atlantic.

• Baseball hero
• Made 60 home runs in one season

Fighter defeated by Gene Tunny in the famous "long count" fight.

Economic and political system based on a single party government ruled by a dictator.

People who made money by selling, making or transporting liquor during Prohibition.

Members in this group increased during the Red Scare but soon declined due to their use of violence.

Radical opposition to any and all forms of government.

• They were convicted because they were Italians and anarchists.
• Good examples of xenophobia (fear of foreigners)

• Clarence Darrow defended John Scopes when he was accused of teaching evolution to high school students.
• Darrow was an agnostic(someone who questions humans ability to comprehend the full understanding of God).

• Prosecuting lawyer in the Scopes Monkey Trial.
• He was considered a fundamentalist (someone who believes in a literal interpretation of the Bible).

A policy followed by the US after WWI in hopes of remaining out of European Affairs.

It gave women the right to vote.

It prohibited the sale, manufacture and transportation of alcohol.

• President during the Great Depression.
• Not well liked.
• Ignored the depression of the country and the lack of jobs and homes.

• October 29th, 1929
• The day the stock market crashed.

Shanty towns built by the homeless during the Great Depression.

A law forbidding the sale of alcoholic beverages.

• The informal radio conversations Roosevelt had with the people to keep spirits up.
• It was a means of communicating with the people on how he would take on the depression.

• Region of the Great Plains that experienced a drought in 1930 lasting for a decade.
• Left many farmers without work or substantial wages.

It was relief that provided work for young men 18-25 years old in food control, planting, flood word, etc.

• Started after the crash of the stock market.
• The period started in 1929-1940.
• Unemployment skyrocketed and many people lost their jobs and homes.

• Derogatory name given to victims of the Dust Bowl who headed for California.
• These people were discriminated against because they took jobs away from Californians.

Stock market crash, overpopulation, high tariffs, under consumption, buying stocks on margins, buying on creadit

Families became homeless, children had poor diets, and men became uemployed

WWII

Leader of the Nazi Party and the Third Reich in Germany during WWII.

Known as "II Duce" -- the Leader -- the Fascist dictator of Italy during WWII.

leader of Soviet Union also worked with Roosevelt and Churchill during WWII.

• 32nd President of the US
• Elected four times
• Instituted New Deal to counter the Great Depression and led country during WWII.

• United States general who supervised the invasion of Normandy and the defeat of Nazi Germany.
• President who sent federal troops to Little Rock to guarantee that the nine African-American students were protected and integration would occur.

Britain's new prime minister during WWII who pleaded for US aid.

• The Desert Fox.
• Commander of the Axis forces in North Africa.

US admiral of the Pacific fleet during WWII who used aircraft carriers to destroy the Japanese navy.

• US general who served as chief of staff and commanded Allied forces in the South Pacific during WWII.
• He accepted the surrender of Japan.

Japanese admiral who planned the attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941.

Emperor of Japan during WWII.

Satisfying the demands of dissatisfied powers in an effort to maintain peace and stability.

• German word meaning lightning war.
• The swift attacks launched by Germany in WWII.

Allows America to sell, lend, or lease arms or other war supplies to any nation considered "vital to the defense of the U.S."

• The code name for the Allied invasion of Europe at Normandy on June 6, 1944.
• Also known as D-Day.

The last German attempt at an offensive strike at the allies.

• May 8, 1945
• Victory in Europe Day when the Germans surrendered.

The two days when Nazi troops attacked Jewish homes, businesses and synagogues, also known as "Night of the Broken Glass."

The Nazi program of exterminating Jews under Hitler.

• Base in Hawaii that was bombed by Japan on December 7, 1941.
• Got America to enter the war.

• Naval battle that was a turning point in the war in the pacific.
• Americans sank 4 Japanese aircraft carriers.

Bombing of Tokyo that boosted American morale.

• Strategy of Allies in WWII of capturing some Japanese-held islands and going around others.
• Strategy the Allies followed in the Pacific.

Japanese suicide pilots who laded their planes with explosives and crashed them into American ships.

• A bloody and prolonged operation on a key Japanese island in which American marines landed and defeated Japanese defenders.
• 8 square mile volcanic island that the Allies finally captured in March, 1945.

• City in Japan
• The first to be destroyed by an atomic bomb, on August 6, 1945.
• The bombing hastened the ed of WWII.
• First city on which the atom bomb was dropped.

• Japanese city in which the second atomic bomb was dropped.
• Second city on which the atom bomb was dropped.

• Bomb that changed the world.
• Ended WWII in Japan.
• Created a nuclear arms race between U.S. and Soviet Union.

The name for the forced relocation and confinement of Japanese-Americans to concentration camps.

• FDR's vie president that took over when he died.
• Made the decision to drop the atomic bomb.

Place where the atom bomb was designed and built.

Island that was the last amphibious assault of the war and whose capture in June, 1945 was the bloodiest battle of the Pacific.

English air force

Party founded by Hitler.

German air force.

Legislation that stripped Jews of civil rights.

Allied victory in North Africa.

Country that MacArthur had to abandon to avoid capture by the Japanese.

American death march took place here.

• Soviet city that turned back the German advance.
• Turning point of the war.

Naval battle was the turning point in the Paficif where the US sank four Japanese aircrafts.

Territory near Belgium and France invaded by Hitler in 1936.

Area that Japan seized in 1931 to obtain coal and oil.

Country that Italy invaded in 1935.

City at which a conference was help to decide the fate of Czechoslovakia.

Sectio nof Czechoslovakia that Hitler demanded.

D-Day

Attack on Pearl Harbor.

The code names given to the two atomic bombs that the Americans produced.

The name of the conference that Truman, Stalin, and Churchill attended to decide what to do about the war.

The battle at which the Japanese first introduced the "kamikaze."

They could make air bases to attack Japanese mainland.

1939-1945

Mount Suribachi

Scorched earth method

• WWII began with Germany's invasion of this city.
• Large number of concentration camps located here.

Leader of the German SS.

The most notorious Nazi death camp.

The Nazi's finalized their plans for the systematic elimination of the Jewish population at this conference.

To destroy the Jewish population of Europe.

Churchill and FDR meet to define the Allied goals for the post-war world.

The followers of Mussolini were known as these.

Hitler's expansion of the German military violated the terms established in 1919.

• "My Struggle"
• Hitler's book on his philosophy.

Anti-communist Wisconsin senator who started another "Red Scare" after he claimed to have a list of communists working the government.

They were convicted in 1951 of giving bomb data found by American scientists to the Soviet Union and executed.

Leader of the Soviet Union during the building of the Berlin Wall and the Cuban Missile Crises and after Stalin died.

Communist leader of Cuba.

• President who led Bay of Pigs invasion.
• Led us through Cuban Missile Crisis.

President Truman's policy of providing economic and military aid to any country threatened by communism.

A period of general fear of communists started by Joe McCarthy.

A plan that the US came up with to revive war-torn economies of Europe.  This plan offered $13 billion in aid to western and Southern Europe.

This period of time following WWII is where the US and the Soviet Union emerged as superpowers and faced off in an arms race that lasted nearly 50 years.

• Long-range nuclear missiles capable of being fired at targets on the other side of the globe.  The reason behind the Cuban Missile Crises.
• Russia was threatening the U.S. by building launch sites for these missiles in Cuba.

• Blockaded east Germany from American supplies.
• Americans bypassed by air-lifting goods to the Germans.

An alliance made to defend on e another if they were attacked by any other country; US, England, France, Canada, Western European countries

American policy of resisting further expansion of communism around the world.

• American attempt to overthrow the newly established communist government in Cuba by training and sending Cuban rebels.
• The coup ended up in a disaster due to the lack of support by the Americans.

The 1962 confrontation between US and the Soviet Union over Soviet missiles in Cuba.

What Kennedy called the "blockade" around Cuba.

A law enacted in 1973, limiting a president's right to send troops into battle without consulting congress.

A person who surrenders to (or is taken by) the enemy in time of war.

Negotiations between the US and the Soviet Union designed to limit both countries' stock of nuclear weapons.

A wall separating East and West Berlin built by East Germany in 1961 to keep citizens from escaping to the West.