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life depends on the avalibility of an energy source and raw materials used in the basic...
enzyme-controlled biochemical processes of living things
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the result of response to change is known as...
homeostasis
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what is dynamic equillibirum?
a steady state that keeps the internal environment within certain limits
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what is an element?
a substance made up entirely of one kind of atom
ex: silver contains ONLY silver atoms
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what is a compound?
formed when two or more elemtnts combine chemically
properties are different from those of the elements they are made of
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the formation of a chemical bond involves...
the transfer of electrons from one atom to the other, or the sharing of electrons between atoms
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what is a chemical formula?
represents the chemical makeup of a compund
ex: H2O
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what are equations used for?
to describe chemical reactions
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what is a chemical equation?
an equation that uses the formulas of an element instead of words
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what elements must be present for a compound to be considered organic?
carbon AND hydrogen
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what are the major "types" of organic molecules?
lipids, starches, proteins, and nucleic acids
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carbohydrates
- energy rich
- main source of energy for cell activities
- contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
- the ratio of hydroogen to carbon is generally 2 to 1
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monosaccharides
- simplest carbohydrates
- simple sugars
- building blocks of carbohydrates
- ex: glucose (C6H12O6)
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disaccharide
- formed by 2 simple sugars
- sometimes called a double sugar
- joined by dehydration synthesis
- ex: maltose (C12H22O11)
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polysaccharides
- long chains of sugar molecules (monosaccharides)
- found in starch and cellulose
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lipids
- oils and fats
- fats are solid at room temperature, lipids are liquid at room temperature
- the ratio of hydrogen to oxygen in lipids is GREATER than 2:1
- the building blocks of lipids are fatty acids and glycerol
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proteins
- C, H, O, N, S, P
- building blocks: amino acids
- form important products such as enzyme
- 2 amino acids bonded together: dipeptide
- many amino acids bonded together: polypeptides
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enzymes
- biological catalysts: lower energy of activation
- allow body to break down and synthesize substances
- active site: where reactions take place
- are SHAPE SPECIFIC
- coenzyme: vitamins
- substrate: compound which an enzyme works on
- optimum temperature: temperature at which the enzyme functions best
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photosynthesis equation
6 CO2 + 12 H2O --> C6H12O6 + 6 H2O + 6 O2
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what type of cellular respiration requires oxygen?
aerobic
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what type of cellular respiration does not require oxygen?
anaerobic respiration or fermentation
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enzyme controlled reactions
potential energy of organic molecules, such as glucose, are transferred to a more avaliable form of energy
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T OR F:
the chemical energy in organic food molecules can be used directly be cells
FALSE
the chemical energy in organic food molecules cannot be used directly be cells
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antigen
a substance (such as a toxin or enzyme) capable of stimulating an immune response
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antibodies
carried by blood, fight foreign substances that enter the body
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active immunity
YOU make the antibodies
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passive immunity
- SOMEONE ELSE makes the antibodies
- does not last as long as active immunity
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feedback mechanism
mechanisms for self regulation
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negative feedback
- regulates the secretion of enzymes by endocrine glands
- the level of one hormone inhibits the production of another
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T OR F:
Antibodies may be produced in response to an antigen
- FALSE
- antibodies ARE produced in response to an antigen
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describe feedback mechanism using the human pancreas
rhe level of sugar in the blood is affected by the amount of insuin in the blood
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