unit 5- maintaining dynamic equilibrium

enzyme-controlled biochemical processes of living things

homeostasis

a steady state that keeps the internal environment within certain limits

a substance made up entirely of one kind of atom 

ex: silver contains ONLY silver atoms

formed when two or more elemtnts combine chemically 

properties are different from those of the elements they are made of

the transfer of electrons from one atom to the other, or the sharing of electrons between atoms

represents the chemical makeup of a compund

ex: H2O

to describe chemical reactions

an equation that uses the formulas of an element instead of words

carbon AND hydrogen

lipids, starches, proteins, and nucleic acids

• energy rich
• main source of energy for cell activities 
• contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
• the ratio of hydroogen to carbon is generally 2 to 1

• simplest carbohydrates
• simple sugars
• building blocks of carbohydrates
• ex: glucose (C6H12O6)

• formed by 2 simple sugars
• sometimes called a double sugar  
• joined by dehydration synthesis
• ex: maltose (C12H22O11)

• long chains of sugar molecules (monosaccharides)
• found in starch and cellulose

• oils and fats
• fats are solid at room temperature, lipids are liquid at room temperature
• the ratio of hydrogen to oxygen in lipids is GREATER than 2:1
• the building blocks of lipids are fatty acids and glycerol

• C, H, O, N, S, P
• building blocks: amino acids
• form important products such as enzyme 
• 2 amino acids bonded together: dipeptide
• many amino acids bonded together: polypeptides

• biological catalysts: lower energy of activation
• allow body to break down and synthesize substances
• active site: where reactions take place
• are SHAPE SPECIFIC
• coenzyme: vitamins
• substrate: compound which an enzyme works on
• optimum temperature: temperature at which the enzyme functions best

6 CO2 + 12 H2O --> C6H12O6 + 6 H2O + 6 O2

aerobic

anaerobic respiration or fermentation

potential energy of organic molecules, such as glucose, are transferred to a more avaliable form of energy

FALSE

the chemical energy in organic food molecules cannot be used directly be cells

a substance (such as a toxin or enzyme) capable of stimulating an immune response

carried by blood, fight foreign substances that enter the body

YOU make the antibodies

• SOMEONE ELSE makes the antibodies
• does not last as long as active immunity

mechanisms for self regulation

• regulates the secretion of enzymes by endocrine glands
• the level of one hormone inhibits the production of another

• FALSE
• antibodies ARE produced in response to an antigen

rhe level of sugar in the blood is affected by the amount of insuin in the blood