BBS C2 Covalent Bonding

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What is a covalent bond?

A shared pair of electrons
What are the two types of covalent substances?

Simple molecular - only a few atoms

Giant molecular - LOTS of atoms
Why do simple molecular substances have low boiling points?

Due to weak inter-molecular forces
Why kind of melting and boiling points do simple molecular substances have?

Low
Why do simple molecular substances not conduct electricity?

Because there are no ions
Describe diamond
- Giant covalent
- Strong covalent bonds
- Each carbon atom bonded to 4 others
- Very hard
Describe graphite
- Giant covalent
- Strong covalent bonds
- Each carbon atom bonded to 3 others
- Conduct electricity due to delocalised electrons
- Soft and slippery as the carbon atoms are arranged in layers that can slide over each other
What can graphite be used for?
- Lubricants
- Pencils
- Electrodes
What does immiscible mean?

Do not mix
What does miscible mean?

Do mix
How would you separate an immiscible mixture like oil and water?

Separating funnel
How do you separate miscible liquids like liquid air?

Fractional distillation
Describe how to set up a chromatography experiment
- Draw a PENCIL line on some filter paper about 1cm up
- Put spots of each mixture being tested on the line
- Place it in a beaker containing a solvent so the line is ABOVE the solvent
- The solvent will seep up the paper taking the samples with it which will separate
Why do we not use ink to draw the line during a chromatography experiment?

Because it would run
How do you calculate the R_f?

Distance travelled by dot divided by Distance travelled by the solvent
What does the covalent bonding look like in CH₄?
What does the covalent bonding look like in water?
What does the covalent bonding look like in Hydrogen Chloride?