-
Normal PaO2 value
80-100 mmHg
-
Normal PaCO2
35-45
*Remember, pH is 7.35-7.45.
-
-
What can cause respiratory acidosis?
Occurs when you retain too much CO2, so decreased respiration's.
Ex: Mid abdominal incision, pneumothorax (it hurts to breath)
-
If you see restlessness, what should you think first?
HYPOXIA!!
-
what are the early signs of hypoxia?
Restlessness and tachycardia
-
S/S of respiratory acidosis
HA, confusion, sleepy, could lead to coma
-
How will you fix respiratory acidosis
Fix breathing problem: treat pneumonia, get rid of secretions, deep breathing, etc.
-
What can cause respiratory alkalosis?
- Hyperventilation! Client is breathing too fast and removing CO2
- Client may be hysterical
- *Acute aspirin overdose can also cause it as aspirin stimulates the respiratory center
-
S/S of respiratory alkalosis
- Acute respiratory alkalosis causes vasoconstriction of cerebral vessels, resulting in lightheadedness and fainting.
- Peri-oral numbness (around lips)
- also numbness and tingling in fingers and toes
-
Treatment for respiratory alkalosis
- Don't wait for kidneys to kick in, this takes days
- Breath in paper bag
- May need to sedate pt
- Treat cause and monitor ABG's
-
What's the deal with metabolic acidosis?
- Kidneys are sick, retaining hydrogen and not enough bicarb
- Respiratory rate will go up to blow off CO2 (acid) to try to level out pH
-
Causes of metabolic acidosis
- DKA
- Starvation
- Renal failure - duh
- Severe diarrhea
-
What's the deal with DKA and starvation causing metabolic acidosis?
- Cells are starving for glucose so body breaks down protein and fats.
- When fats break down, results in ketones
- Ketones are acid
-
When a DM pt becomes acidic, like with DKA, what are their respirations doing?
- Respiration's go up to blow off acid.
- Called Kussmauls respiration's.
-
How does diarrhea cause metabolic acidosis?
- Intestines have alot of bicarb in them.
- Severe diarrhea will cause excessive loss of bicarb
-
S/S of metabolic acidosis
Depends on cause (DKA = RR ↑ , s/s of malnutrition)
Hyperkalemia
-
Treatment of metabolic acidosis
Treat the prob
-
What drug may fix metabolic acidosis?
- IV sodium bicarb
- May not fix the prob, but will buy time to figure out the cause
-
What happens with potassium in metabolic acidosis?
Goes up!!
-
What can cause metabolic alkalosis
*Prob is they are retaining too much bicarb
- Loss of upper GI contents, such as from vomiting or NG tube hooked to suction
- Too many antacids which = too much base
- Too much IV bicarb
-
S/S of metabolic alkalosis
- Depends on cause
- Observe LOC
- Monitor for muscle cramps and life threatening arrhythmias
-
What happens with potassium in metabolic alkalosis
It goes down!!
-
How do you know that compensation is occuring?
BOTH bicarb and CO2 will be abnormal.
-
What happens if there is partial compensation?
pH will be Abnormal!
-
What happens with full compensation
pH will be normal
|
|
