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Define: narrative
(4 definitions)
- An account of a series of events, given in order with connections between them
- THe part of a text which represents a series of events, separate from dialogue
- Term used to refer to the story as it takes place, whereas plot us used to refer to the way that it actually happens
- Representation of history
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Why is narrative important? (3 things)
- Explains history
- Academic study
- There is no truth and that is represented in narrative
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What is the linguistic definition of 'narrative'?
Must be at least two clauses, chronologically ordered.
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Who are the two academics associated with approaching narrative from a linguistic perspective?
- Shklovsky with his Theory of Prose, 1925
- Labov and his model of narrative
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Who was Labov and what were his views on narrative?
- A sociolinguistic who approached narrative.
- Thought that stories need context, closure and drama.
- He came up with a model of narrative originally developed for oral narratives and debated on its relevance to literary studies
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What was Labov's model of narrative?
- Abstract
- Orientation
- Complicating action
- Resolution
- Evaluation
- Coda
Can all be seen in Fresh Prince of Bel-Air theme song
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What is the 'abstract' part of a narrative according to Labov's model?
Summarises what the story is about, to get the audience's attention
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What is the 'orientation' part of a narrative according to Labov's model?
Who, what, when, why, where in story
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What is the 'complicating action' part of a narrative according to Labov's model?
What happens usually in chronologically ordered clauses in simple past or present tense
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What is the 'resolution' part of a narrative according to Labov's model?
Final clause of a complicating action
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What is the 'evaluation' part of a narrative according to Labov's model?
Marks the narrative point of the story
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What is the 'coda' part of a narrative according to Labov's model?
Marks the end of the story, often a generalised statement
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Is marking Labov's theory of narrative always easy and clear cut?
No, not all stories contain all features. For example horror stories may not have a resolution
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Where does meaning in a text come from? (3 things)
- Structure
- Context
- Dialogue
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What is discourse?
Language in use
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What is 'langue'?
- Language in the abstract
- The underlying semantic rules of language
- The formal aspect of the utterance
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What is 'parole'?
- Language as it is manifested in linguistic behaviour
- The individual acts, statements and utterances of language
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What is understanding language in terms of parole?
Discourse
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What do we need to take account of when understanding dialogues in drama?
- The relationship between the interactants
- The context in which the events are occurring
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In the conceptualisation and analysis of dramatic dialogue, what is the axis of combination?
- The structure of the dialogue
- How turns in dialogue are strung together
- Conversation analysis
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In the conceptualisation and analysis of dramatic dialogue, what is the axis of selection?
- Strategies adopted by speakers in phrasing their utterances
- Speech Act Theory (Austen 1962)
- Grice's cooperative theory
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What is conversation analysis?
- A bottom-up approach
- A linear, ongoing event that unfolds little by little and implies negotiation of cooperation between speakers
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How did Cook define conversation in 1989? (4 things)
- Unplanned and informal
- Small no. of people w/ similar power
- Not necessitated by practical task
- Not meant for an audience
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What is turn-taking?
- The management of interactants utterances in a conversation
- Turns can overlaps and vary in length
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List five turn-taking adjacency pairs
- question - answer
- Apology - acceptance
- Invitation - acceptance/excuse
- Greeting - greeting
- Complaint - apology
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What are the three types of sequencing in turn-taking?
- Opening or closing sequence ("hi")
- Pre-sequence ("Can I ask a question?")
- Insertion sequence ("Do you want to see a film?")
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What are the three features of Austen's Speech Act Theory, 1962?
- Locution - literal meaning
- Illocution - meaning implied by the reader
- Perlocution - the effect on the hearer
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What are the five features of Serle's Speech Act Theory, 1967?
- Declarations - declaring
- Representatives - describing, predicting
- Commissives - threat, offer
- Directives - command
- Expressive - apologise, congratulate
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What did Serle add to Austin's Speech Act theory?
A classification of speech acts according to their illocutionary force
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When did dialogue in literature see an increase of stylisticians interest?
1970s-1980s
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What are the three types of context?
- Physical context (setting)
- Personal context (relationships of characters)
- Cognitive context (shared background knowledge of participants)
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What is communicative competence?
- The knowledge of what to say and where to say it
- eg. knowing when to speak formally and informally
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What is a structural analysis of discourse?
Seeks to explore the connections, or lack thereof, in dialogue between questions and answers, statements and reactions.
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What is a strategic analysis of discourse?
Attention is focussed on the way speakers use different interactive tactics at specific points during a sequence of talk
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