Woodworking measures.txt

• Framing Square
• Tri-square
• Combination Square
• Bevel Gauge
• Marking Gauge (measuring gauge)
• 12'' steel tape
• 50'' steel tape
• Chalk Line (aka snap line)
• Spline
• Trammel Points
• Spirit Level

• Calibrated
• Establishes right angle for framing and marking the angle cut of stair and carriage

• Marking guide for 900 angle cuts
• Calibrated

• Has adjustable sliding bar for measuring and establishing marking guide for 900 and 450 angles
• Calibrated

• Transfers or saves predetermined angle of bevel
• Also exists a 'protractor' with reading on side

Calibrated for marking a rip cut of given width

• For measuring short lengths
• Has wiggle end to account for thickness

• For measuring long lengths
• Has wiggle end to account for thickness

Folding ruler

Used for right angle and 45o

• Snapping a long, straight line to be used as a framing guide
• Reference line for full-scale layout
• Painting guide

Mechanical device for drawing irregular curves and plotting curved edges in full-scale layout.

Mechanical device for marking the radius of a circle or an arc; the bar (if calibrated, used to measure) holds the trammel points

Instrument designed to establish true vertical or horizontal

• Crosscut saw
• Rip Saw
• Keyhole Saw
• Coping Saw
• Japanese Dozuki Saw

• The degree of bend every other tooth has away from the saw blade
• Keeps the saw from binding with wood because the width of the cut is wider than the blade

• Used to cut across the grain of wood
• Teeth sharp and straight to cut across grain

• Hand saw used to cut along the grain
• Teeth are angled and flat-edged like a chisel, as opposed to a crosscut saw

• Used to cut irregular lines
• For heavy, coarse work
• Has high tooth count

• For irregular cuts
• High tooth count for a smoothly cut edge
• Removable blade makes it good for inside cuts

Stiff blade with a back for accurate cuts such as miters

Any cut across the grain of the wood

Any cut in the same direction as the grain of the wood

Curved, detailed design resembling a rolled piece of paper

• The shape of the tooth (pointed or chisel)
• The set of the tooth (flare of every other tooth in the opposite direction)
• The tooth count (number of teeth per inch)

• Circular Saw
• Saber Saw
• Cut-awl

• Used as rip or crosscut saw
• Lightweight and small blade make it portable
• Depth of cut is limited

• Used to cut irregular lines, as in scrollwork
• Portable
• Does not limit the size of the work
• Versatile tool for scroll cutting at any stage of assembly

• Designed for light, detailed cutting
• Requires padded bench or table

• Radial Arm Saw (pullover saw)
• Table Saw
• Band Saw
• Panel Saw
• Jigsaw
• Compound Miter Saw

• Has pullover action for accurate crosscuts, limited miters
• Mounted on long table to hold wood

• For easy and accurate rip cuts
• Heavy enough for precision work in quantity

For scroll work, but limited to outside cutting and to work no larger than the depth of its throat (20'' throat should serve average shop)

For cutting large panels such as cover stock (i.e. plywood)

For scroll work, but limited to outside cutting and to work no larger than the depth of its throat

• Specialized tool for cutting wood that changes plane as well as angle (such as a corner of an angled roof)
• The blade must be tilted and angled

Notch cut into a board, allowing a second piece to fit into it

Wide groove cut into the face of a board allowing another board to fit into it

A projecting member in a piece of wood or other material for insertion into a mortise to make a joint

• Chisel
• Surform
• Smoothing Plane
• Block Plane
• Rasp
• Drawknife

• Simplest hand tool for shaping
• Excellent for cleaning up dado, rabbet, and routed areas
• Make sure to keep sharp!

Good for chiseling metal

Used on rock or cement

• Designed to work across the grain
• Replaceable blade
• Faster than block plane but leaves rough finish

Pares a surface to accurate dimensions with the grain of the wood

• Smoothes or shapes end of a board
• Can be used to correct a bad cut or to shorten board for delicate fit

• Designed to work across the grain
• Rough finish

For shaping large, wide surfaces

• Router
• Disk Sander
• Biscuit Joiner

• Versatile tool with many differently shaped bits
• Can be used on wide variety of jobs, including dado, rabbet, flush cuts, and tenons

• Best for smoothing end cuts
• Can reshape or round a cut with coarse sandpaper
• Less effective with flat surface because It leaves sanding marks

• Used to attach two boards with almond-shaped crescents
• Joiner cuts series of half-biscuit-shaped grooves into which biscuit is glued
• Used to ease the process of attaching wood
• Moisture in glue causes the biscuit to swell, tightening the joint

• Belt and Disk Sander
• Lathe
• Bench Grinder
• Shaper
• Jointer

• Removes great deal of wood quickly but leaves rough surface
• Often first tool used in sanding process

• Used to turn or shape cylinders
• Shaped with chisel that can be moved along work
• For spindles, stair railings, and so on

• Used to remove wood and smooth small pieces
• More often used to grind down rough edge of metal or sharpen tools
• Has one fine and one coarse wheel

Smoothes or sizes a board by changing the depth of cut, beveling the edge, or cutting rabbet on one side of the board

Uses different combinations of blades to cut variety of moldings

Method of attaching two pieces of wood by inserting a small wooden dowel (peg) into a hole drilled into both pieces of wood

• Used to finish smoothing (i.e. stained table top)
• Uses half sheet f regular 9 by 11 inch sandpaper.
• Has a round base that orbits as the disk spins, providing the advantage of faster sanding and reducing swirl marks

Same job as a handheld smoothing plane, but faster and more efficiently

Tools with a cutting edge that revolves about a central axis to cut a circular hole

• The size and depth of the hole
• The kind of hole (clean core, taper, ream)
• The nature of the material (hardness, thickness)

• Auger bit
• Twist drill bit
• Speed bit/ Power bit
• Countersink bit--wood
• Countersink bit--metal
• Woodscrew tap and countersink
• Hole saw
• Forstner bit
• Hole cutter
• Extension bit
• Hand power drill
• Cordless drill
• Drill press

• When rotated, pulls the cutting edges of the bit into contact with the wood
• No need for high speed
• Bits are manufactured in increments of 1/16'' (1/2'' auger is No. 8 bit)

Depends on speed or rotation and pressure to advance

• Working with rock or cement, etc...
• Masonry Bits
• Special bits of hardened steel used for drilling into concrete--they look like twist drill bits

• For woodcutting; high rotation provides accuracy
• Chisel-like edges of bit
• Paddle varies in size from 3/8'' to 1 3/4''

• Used after hole is drilled
• Enlarges top of opening with bevel cut deep enough to set a flathead screw or bolt flush with outer surface of work
• Note that for Plexiglas it is better to drill the countersink first in order to lessen the chance of splitting

Same as the countersink--wood but used for metal

Drills hole and countersinks simultaneously

• Used to cut oversized holes (1 1/2'' and wider) at high speed
• Depth is limited to size of shank

Lengthens the depth of cut of speed/ power bit by extending the shank

• Type of auger bit
• Adjustable to cut hole 1 1/4''--2 1/2'' in diameter

Includes multiple bits for multiple purposes

• Cordless version of power drill
• Workhorse of the shop

• Stationary power drill, used to control depth of bore
• Shank speed can vary for precision work

• 1. Dress appropriately
• 2. Always use the guard rails or fences on power tools
• 3. Get appropriate training on the proper use of every power tool
• 4. Keep all blades and drills sharp to prevent chances of the wood kicking back
• 5. When using the sander, be aware of the dust hazard--wear a mask!
• 6. Make sure the space under work is clear
• 7. Always return tool settings to a the standard setting when finished
• 8. Ask for help whenever ripping a long board and use a push stick to keep hands safe
• 9. When using a power tool, concentrate on what you are doing and pay attention to where your hands are
• 10. When done, clean up and put all tools away
• 11. Follow the work procedure of the shop
• 12. Use the appropriate tool for each job

• Claw Hammer
• Straight Claw Hammer (ripper)
• Mallet
• Tack Hammer
• Ball-peen hammer
• Screwdriver (straight blade)
• Phillips head screwdriver
• Nutdriver
• Socket Wrench
• Wonder bar (pry bar)
• Nail Puller
• Crowbar
• Grommet set die
• Staple Gun
• Staple Hammer
• Crescent Wrench (adjustable wrench)
• Sheep nose (utility pliers)
• Vise grips (locking pliers)
• Channel (lock) pliers
• Needle nose Pliers
• Lineman Pliers
• C-clamp
• Spring Clamp
• Band clamp
• Jorgensen Clamp
• Pipe Clamp
• Bar Clamp

• Used to drive nails
• Rounded claw end used to pull out misdirected nails (10 or 16ounce)

Straight claw used to pry apart joined members

• Wooden, rubber or plastic head used to tap member into place without damaging edge or surface of wood
• Also used with chisel

• Used primarily for upholstery
• Has magnetic head

Used for working metal

Slotted hear, used to drive in screws

"+" Head used to drive in screws

• Hex-head or Robertson or square hear
• Driver does not slip and destroy screw heads

• Ratchet action and interchangeable wrench heads
• Efficient for tightening and loosening nuts

• Always get the right sized wrench
• Both ends open

Has one end closed, the other open

Long handle provides excellent leverage

• Used to pull out nails
• Same leverage as wonder bar

• Also used to pull out nails and to pry apart two joined members
• Same leverage as wonder bar

Used to cut holes and set grommets into fabric, such as a drop

Drives staples when trigger is pulled

Drives staple when hammer-like action is provided

Has adjustable jaws to fit sides of nut and apply even pressure

• Gripping tool with wide range of uses
• Adjustable to two sizes

Allows carpenter to clamp down work and then let go

Similar to slip-joint pliers but adjusts to larger sizes

Used for more delicate work or when work area is small

• Often used by electricians
• Has a large, fat nose used for pulling wires
• Usually has blade to cut wire

Holds boards face-to-face, allowing glue to dry while work is in place

• Heavy-duty and with strong jaws
• Extra strong spring action holds the work while plastic coating protects wood
• Easy on, easy off clamp

Woven strap with ratcheting apparatus to tighten banc around irregular or curved surface

• Aka Hand-screwed clamp
• Similar use as c-clamp, but wood of clamp does less damage to work
• Best in face-to-face joints

• Adjustable jaws can be attached to any length of standard pipe
• Has more flexibility than standard bar clamp

Designed to hold boards edge to edge

• Tools driven by air pressure to save time and energy
• Pneumatic nailer for structural nails
• Pneumatic stapler for 3/8'' to 2'' staples

• Used for marking on metal
• Sharp point scratches line on surface

Two points to etch in wood circles

Makes marks on metal or any other hard surface

Used for marking circles and arcs on metal

Used to measure and transfer interior dimensions

• Highly accurate
• Can be metric or English measure

Marks center of circle and provides a start hole for drilling in metal

Used to hammer last inch of nail into wood to not dent wood with hammer

Calibrated for measurements as well as for drawing a straight line

Old-fashioned but still extremely useful tool for shaping metal on both curved and flat sides

Steel jaws hold metal for filing or for bending strap iron

For shaping metal by hammering over surface of anvil

For shaping metal over anvil

• Triangular file
• Bastard file
• Rasp file
• Can be flat, round, or triangular and can smooth a rough cut or round edge of metal

Round file

Wide flat file

• File for metal and wood
• Slight triangular shape to it

Large gauge, flat one side, ? moon the other side

Keep blade sharp

Used to make threads on a screw or around something

Used to make threads inside something

Sheet metal fed between three adjustable rollers to determine degree of curve

Hand or foot operated to cleanly bend sheet to prescribed angle

Used to bend many shapes of metal (pipe, tube, rod, bar, and angle)

• Pipe Cutter
• Pipe Threader and Die Heads
• Pipe Vise
• Stillson wrench (Plumber's wrench)
• Pipe Blender

• Used to cut lengths of pipe to specific dimensions
• Cutter rotates around pipe for a clean cut

• Used to thread pipe
• Various dies for different sizes of pipe

Holds pipe to allow for cutting or threading

• Used to grab and hold pipe for work purposes
• Grips in one direction
• Rounded head

Has square head, heavy

Also called a coffin lock because that was its purpose

Used to create curves in a pipe

• Hacksaw
• Metal Cutting Blade in Scroll Saw
• Porta-band
• Reciprocating saw (Sawzall)
• Bolt Cutters
• Tin Shears
• End-cutting Nipper
• Side Cutter
• Annuar Cutter
• Cutting disk
• Power Nible
• Power Shears
• Abrasive Wheel Cutoff Saw
• Oxyfuel Cutting Torch
• Horizontal Band Saw
• Cold Saw
• Plasma Cutter

• Used to cut into metal bolts or bars
• Has fine-toothed blade

• Used for small curves
• Removable blade allows for interior cuts

Handheld unit used in situations where lack of space doesn't allow any other power saw

Handheld saw that makes rough cuts

Used for rough cutting of rod or strip stock

Cable cutters (do not use on bolts)

• Can adjust jaws
• Used to put on swags on cables and large rope

Hoop thing at end of cable or rope to make it last and stronger

Used for cutting sheet metal

Used most commonly for pulling staples and small nails

• Wire cutter
• Also good tool for removing plastic components from sprues (the passages through which metal is poured into a mold) or trimming tabs and vents from metal figures

• Used for cutting accurate holes in thick material
• Note hallow center

Similar use to grinding wheel but much thinner disk (1/16'')

Used for inside cutting of metal

Handheld power saw for cutting straight or curved line

Used for crosscutting pipe, tube, or any structural steel form

For rough cuts, but useful when cutting work can't be brought to the tool

• Used for crosscutting pipe, tube r any structural steel form
• More effective than abrasive cutoff saw for longer lengths of metal

• Stationary saw with an extremely hard blade, low rotational speed, and fluid coolant/ lubricant
• Used for extremely accurate miter cuts (including 90o)

• Used to cut all sizes of metal
• Similar to arc welder
• With jet of air, it melts the metal and blows the resulting puddle through the work

• Sheet metal screws (TEK screws)
• Blind riveter (pop riveter)
• Rivet nut setter
• Rivets
• Soldering iron
• Soldering gun
• Propane torch

• Used to join two metal pieces
• Some are self-threading

• Used when back of work is inaccessible
• This tool compresses the rivet with a squeeze or two of the handle

• Rivet is inserted from back through hole drilled through both pieces, with washer placed over shaft of rivet
• Shaft is preened or flattened by pressing handle

Metal bolt or pin having a head on one end, inserted through aligned holes in the pieces to be joined and then hammered on the plain end so as to form a second head

• Rod-shaped metal implement with a pointed or wedge-shaped tip
• Provides sufficient heat at the tip to melt the soldering along the joint of delicate work

Same as soldering iron, but useful for larger pieces

• Supplies heat to large area of fitting
• When solder is applied, it is sucked into the joint

• Oxygen and acetylene tanks
• Regulators
• Welding/ brazing torch
• Rosebud tip
• Flint striker
• Welding gloves
• Tank wrench
• Goggles

• Fuel tanks
• Shown on tank truck with chain to keep them upright and for ease with moving

Oxygen and acetylene regulators control the gas flow

Guides the gas flow exactly to the work

Used for heating and bending

Creates a spark to start torch

Used to open and close valves on the gas tanks

• Stick welder
• Welding rod
• Helmet
• Chipping hammer

Common term for shielded metal arc welding (SMAW)

• Actually electrodes
• Rods are numbered in reference to material of electrode and tensile strength

Used to chip off slag, the residue left after the metal work cools

• TIG welder
• Hand control
• Foot pedal
• MIG welder
• Spool gun
• Ground clamp
• Torch
• Gas flow meter

GTAW (gas-tungsten arc welding)

Used to control amperage

Used to control amperage when both hands are needed elsewhere

Metal inert gas welding

Feeds the wire electrode

Allows work to be grounded

• Portable apparatus that produces a very hot flame by the combustion of gases
• Used in welding and construction

Provides the rate of the shielding gas being delivered to the MIG welding nozzle

Mild Steel, because it is easily cut, drilled and welded, it is the least expensive and most readily available metal

Ease with which something bends

• Mild Steel
• Aluminum
• Stainless Steel

• Rolling--produce plate and sheet metal
• Extruding--squeezing molten metal through a shaped aperture to form a shape such as a rod or tube
• Casting--make liquid metal into block forms
• Drawing--putting metal through a small aperture to make wire
• Forging--stamping the metal into a prescribed shape

• Plate--rolled steel no thinner than 1/8 inch
• Sheet--rolled steel no thicker than 1/8in
• Strip--rolled steel narrower than plate
• Strap--narrow strip
• Rod--solid round, square, and polygonal shapes
• Structural--shapes such as channel, angle and I-beam
• Tube--extruded round, square, and rectangular
• Pipe--round malleable iron
• Wire--drawn carbon steel, aluminum, or copper

The folding of plate or sheet metal

Cutting sheet metal in scissors-like tools

Placing sheet metal into a late like machine and rotating it while a blunt tool shapes the metal into bowl or bell shapes

Cold rolling sheet metal between large hardened steel cylinders into curved or cylindrical shapes

Twisting a square bar into a decorative shape or a wire into cable

Making holes or a pattern through plate or sheet metal

Joining metal to metal by fusing them together at a high temperature

Joining metals at a lower temperature whereby only the filler metal (usually a brass alloy) is made molten

Joining sheet metal, tubing, or electrical parts with solder (usually a tin or lead alloy)

Very thin strap is commonly used as a sill-iron

Horizontal strip holding the bottom of a doorframe in position

Wide strap. Thick strip is sometimes cut and drilled for mending plates

A good reinforcing shape for stiffening or bracing scenery, this useful cross section comes in many sizes. It is often used in stage machinery construction.

Its U-shaped cross section makes it stronger though not as adaptable as an angle

• Useful for stiffening
• When it is used horizontally in a framework, it is stronger than angle. The tee also serves as a guide for the arbor in a counterweight system

Best used as a beam where the top of the I carries the main thrust or weight

A round solid, sometimes used as the internal member of a steel truss or is easily bent into decorative shapes for scenery or props

A square solid, sometimes used as a spindle in a metal railing; bars can be bent and twisted into ornamental shapes found in wrought iron work

This offers a good clean shape for design and structural uses such as the frame of a flat that is covered with scrim or any sheer fabric

• This is one of the many extruded forms of steel
• The larger tubes can become vertical support members, whereas smaller diameter tubes can be bent into decorative shapes

• This popular shape can be cut and welded into structural or decorative forms
• It is the most commonly used shape overall

• With heavier side walls than tube has, malleable iron pipe can be threaded and joined with fittings
• Although the outside dimension (OD) remains the same, pipe is available in a variety of side-wall thickness

• A specially formed channel-shaped steel
• Is used to create knockdown framing that is adaptable to platforming and trussing in the theatre
• It reduces the necessity of welding and cutting and is available in different forms

• A type of galvanized-steel pipe
• Has become a very popular structural and decorative material in the theatre
• With walls too thin to thread but quite easy to bend, it has many uses in scenery construction

• Telescoping square tubes comes in three varieties
• * With solid sides
• * Punched with round holes
• * Punched with square holes

Designed to bolt together in a variety of ways, is also made in strap and channel shapes

Good for removing nails

Used for puncturing wood or leather