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Woodworking measures
- Framing Square
- Tri-square
- Combination Square
- Bevel Gauge
- Marking Gauge (measuring gauge)
- 12'' steel tape
- 50'' steel tape
- Chalk Line (aka snap line)
- Spline
- Trammel Points
- Spirit Level
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Framing Square
- Calibrated
- Establishes right angle for framing and marking the angle cut of stair and carriage
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Tri-square
- Marking guide for 900 angle cuts
- Calibrated
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Combination Square
- Has adjustable sliding bar for measuring and establishing marking guide for 900 and 450 angles
- Calibrated
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Bevel Gauge
- Transfers or saves predetermined angle of bevel
- Also exists a 'protractor' with reading on side
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Marking Gauge (measuring gauge)
Calibrated for marking a rip cut of given width
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12'' steel tape
- For measuring short lengths
- Has wiggle end to account for thickness
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50''steel tape
- For measuring long lengths
- Has wiggle end to account for thickness
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Folding ruler
Folding ruler
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Speed Square
Used for right angle and 45o
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Chalk Line (snap line)
- Snapping a long, straight line to be used as a framing guide
- Reference line for full-scale layout
- Painting guide
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Spline
Mechanical device for drawing irregular curves and plotting curved edges in full-scale layout.
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Trammel Line
Mechanical device for marking the radius of a circle or an arc; the bar (if calibrated, used to measure) holds the trammel points
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Spirit Level
Instrument designed to establish true vertical or horizontal
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Hand-Powered Saws
- Crosscut saw
- Rip Saw
- Keyhole Saw
- Coping Saw
- Japanese Dozuki Saw
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Set
- The degree of bend every other tooth has away from the saw blade
- Keeps the saw from binding with wood because the width of the cut is wider than the blade
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Crosscut Saw
- Used to cut across the grain of wood
- Teeth sharp and straight to cut across grain
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Rip Saw
- Hand saw used to cut along the grain
- Teeth are angled and flat-edged like a chisel, as opposed to a crosscut saw
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Keyhole Saw
- Used to cut irregular lines
- For heavy, coarse work
- Has high tooth count
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Coping Saw
- For irregular cuts
- High tooth count for a smoothly cut edge
- Removable blade makes it good for inside cuts
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Japanese Dozuki Saw
Stiff blade with a back for accurate cuts such as miters
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Miter
Any cut across the grain of the wood
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Bevel
Any cut in the same direction as the grain of the wood
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Scroll Work
Curved, detailed design resembling a rolled piece of paper
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What determines the specific work a saw can do?
- The shape of the tooth (pointed or chisel)
- The set of the tooth (flare of every other tooth in the opposite direction)
- The tooth count (number of teeth per inch)
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Handheld Power Saw
- Circular Saw
- Saber Saw
- Cut-awl
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Circular Saw
- Used as rip or crosscut saw
- Lightweight and small blade make it portable
- Depth of cut is limited
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Saber Saw
- Used to cut irregular lines, as in scrollwork
- Portable
- Does not limit the size of the work
- Versatile tool for scroll cutting at any stage of assembly
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Cut-saw
- Designed for light, detailed cutting
- Requires padded bench or table
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Fixed Power Saws
- Radial Arm Saw (pullover saw)
- Table Saw
- Band Saw
- Panel Saw
- Jigsaw
- Compound Miter Saw
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Radial Arm Saw (pullover saw)
- Has pullover action for accurate crosscuts, limited miters
- Mounted on long table to hold wood
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Table Saw
- For easy and accurate rip cuts
- Heavy enough for precision work in quantity
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Band Saw
For scroll work, but limited to outside cutting and to work no larger than the depth of its throat (20'' throat should serve average shop)
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Panel Saw
For cutting large panels such as cover stock (i.e. plywood)
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Jigsaw
For scroll work, but limited to outside cutting and to work no larger than the depth of its throat
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Compound Miter Saw
- Specialized tool for cutting wood that changes plane as well as angle (such as a corner of an angled roof)
- The blade must be tilted and angled
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Dado
Notch cut into a board, allowing a second piece to fit into it
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Rabbet
Wide groove cut into the face of a board allowing another board to fit into it
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Tenon
A projecting member in a piece of wood or other material for insertion into a mortise to make a joint
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Hand-Paring Tools
- Chisel
- Surform
- Smoothing Plane
- Block Plane
- Rasp
- Drawknife
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Chisel
- Simplest hand tool for shaping
- Excellent for cleaning up dado, rabbet, and routed areas
- Make sure to keep sharp!
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Cold Chisel
Good for chiseling metal
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Star Chisel
Used on rock or cement
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Surform
- Designed to work across the grain
- Replaceable blade
- Faster than block plane but leaves rough finish
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Smoothing Plane
Pares a surface to accurate dimensions with the grain of the wood
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Block Plane
- Smoothes or shapes end of a board
- Can be used to correct a bad cut or to shorten board for delicate fit
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Rasp
- Designed to work across the grain
- Rough finish
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Drawknife
For shaping large, wide surfaces
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Handheld Power Shaping Tools
- Router
- Disk Sander
- Biscuit Joiner
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Router
- Versatile tool with many differently shaped bits
- Can be used on wide variety of jobs, including dado, rabbet, flush cuts, and tenons
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Disk
- Best for smoothing end cuts
- Can reshape or round a cut with coarse sandpaper
- Less effective with flat surface because It leaves sanding marks
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Biscuit Joiner
- Used to attach two boards with almond-shaped crescents
- Joiner cuts series of half-biscuit-shaped grooves into which biscuit is glued
- Used to ease the process of attaching wood
- Moisture in glue causes the biscuit to swell, tightening the joint
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Fixed Power Shaping Tools
- Belt and Disk Sander
- Lathe
- Bench Grinder
- Shaper
- Jointer
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Belt and Disk Sander
- Removes great deal of wood quickly but leaves rough surface
- Often first tool used in sanding process
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Lathe
- Used to turn or shape cylinders
- Shaped with chisel that can be moved along work
- For spindles, stair railings, and so on
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Bench Grinder
- Used to remove wood and smooth small pieces
- More often used to grind down rough edge of metal or sharpen tools
- Has one fine and one coarse wheel
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Jointer
Smoothes or sizes a board by changing the depth of cut, beveling the edge, or cutting rabbet on one side of the board
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Shaper
Uses different combinations of blades to cut variety of moldings
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Pegging
Method of attaching two pieces of wood by inserting a small wooden dowel (peg) into a hole drilled into both pieces of wood
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(Random) Orbital Sander
- Used to finish smoothing (i.e. stained table top)
- Uses half sheet f regular 9 by 11 inch sandpaper.
- Has a round base that orbits as the disk spins, providing the advantage of faster sanding and reducing swirl marks
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Power Plane
Same job as a handheld smoothing plane, but faster and more efficiently
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Boring Tools
Tools with a cutting edge that revolves about a central axis to cut a circular hole
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What influences choice of bits for a boring tool?
- The size and depth of the hole
- The kind of hole (clean core, taper, ream)
- The nature of the material (hardness, thickness)
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Wood-Boring Tools
- Auger bit
- Twist drill bit
- Speed bit/ Power bit
- Countersink bit--wood
- Countersink bit--metal
- Woodscrew tap and countersink
- Hole saw
- Forstner bit
- Hole cutter
- Extension bit
- Hand power drill
- Cordless drill
- Drill press
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Auger bit
- When rotated, pulls the cutting edges of the bit into contact with the wood
- No need for high speed
- Bits are manufactured in increments of 1/16'' (1/2'' auger is No. 8 bit)
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Twist drill bit
Depends on speed or rotation and pressure to advance
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Masonry
- Working with rock or cement, etc...
- Masonry Bits
- Special bits of hardened steel used for drilling into concrete--they look like twist drill bits
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Speed bit/ Power bit
- For woodcutting; high rotation provides accuracy
- Chisel-like edges of bit
- Paddle varies in size from 3/8'' to 1 3/4''
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Countersink bit--wood
- Used after hole is drilled
- Enlarges top of opening with bevel cut deep enough to set a flathead screw or bolt flush with outer surface of work
- Note that for Plexiglas it is better to drill the countersink first in order to lessen the chance of splitting
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Countersink bit--metal
Same as the countersink--wood but used for metal
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Woodscrew tap and countersink
Drills hole and countersinks simultaneously
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Hole saw
- Used to cut oversized holes (1 1/2'' and wider) at high speed
- Depth is limited to size of shank
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Extension shank
Lengthens the depth of cut of speed/ power bit by extending the shank
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Expansion bit
- Type of auger bit
- Adjustable to cut hole 1 1/4''--2 1/2'' in diameter
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Hand power drill
Includes multiple bits for multiple purposes
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Cordless drill
- Cordless version of power drill
- Workhorse of the shop
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Drill press
- Stationary power drill, used to control depth of bore
- Shank speed can vary for precision work
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Workshop Safety when working with power tools
- 1. Dress appropriately
- 2. Always use the guard rails or fences on power tools
- 3. Get appropriate training on the proper use of every power tool
- 4. Keep all blades and drills sharp to prevent chances of the wood kicking back
- 5. When using the sander, be aware of the dust hazard--wear a mask!
- 6. Make sure the space under work is clear
- 7. Always return tool settings to a the standard setting when finished
- 8. Ask for help whenever ripping a long board and use a push stick to keep hands safe
- 9. When using a power tool, concentrate on what you are doing and pay attention to where your hands are
- 10. When done, clean up and put all tools away
- 11. Follow the work procedure of the shop
- 12. Use the appropriate tool for each job
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Wood Construction Tools
- Claw Hammer
- Straight Claw Hammer (ripper)
- Mallet
- Tack Hammer
- Ball-peen hammer
- Screwdriver (straight blade)
- Phillips head screwdriver
- Nutdriver
- Socket Wrench
- Wonder bar (pry bar)
- Nail Puller
- Crowbar
- Grommet set die
- Staple Gun
- Staple Hammer
- Crescent Wrench (adjustable wrench)
- Sheep nose (utility pliers)
- Vise grips (locking pliers)
- Channel (lock) pliers
- Needle nose Pliers
- Lineman Pliers
- C-clamp
- Spring Clamp
- Band clamp
- Jorgensen Clamp
- Pipe Clamp
- Bar Clamp
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Claw Hammer
- Used to drive nails
- Rounded claw end used to pull out misdirected nails (10 or 16ounce)
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Straight Claw Hammer (ripper)
Straight claw used to pry apart joined members
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Mallet
- Wooden, rubber or plastic head used to tap member into place without damaging edge or surface of wood
- Also used with chisel
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Tack Hammer
- Used primarily for upholstery
- Has magnetic head
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Ball-peen Hammer
Used for working metal
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Screwdriver (straight blade)
Slotted hear, used to drive in screws
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Phillips head screwdriver
"+" Head used to drive in screws
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Nutdriver
- Hex-head or Robertson or square hear
- Driver does not slip and destroy screw heads
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Socket Wrench
- Ratchet action and interchangeable wrench heads
- Efficient for tightening and loosening nuts
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Open-end wrench
- Always get the right sized wrench
- Both ends open
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Boxed end wrench
Has one end closed, the other open
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Wonder Bar (pry bar)
Long handle provides excellent leverage
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Nail puller
- Used to pull out nails
- Same leverage as wonder bar
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Crowbar
- Also used to pull out nails and to pry apart two joined members
- Same leverage as wonder bar
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Grommet Set Die
Used to cut holes and set grommets into fabric, such as a drop
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Spring Driven Staple Gun
Drives staples when trigger is pulled
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Staple Hammer
Drives staple when hammer-like action is provided
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Crescent wrench (adjustable wrench)
Has adjustable jaws to fit sides of nut and apply even pressure
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Sheep Nose Pliers
- Gripping tool with wide range of uses
- Adjustable to two sizes
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Vise grips (locking grips)
Allows carpenter to clamp down work and then let go
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Channel (lock) pliers
Similar to slip-joint pliers but adjusts to larger sizes
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Needle nose pliers
Used for more delicate work or when work area is small
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Lineman's pliers (dykes)
- Often used by electricians
- Has a large, fat nose used for pulling wires
- Usually has blade to cut wire
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C-clamp
Holds boards face-to-face, allowing glue to dry while work is in place
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Spring clamps
- Heavy-duty and with strong jaws
- Extra strong spring action holds the work while plastic coating protects wood
- Easy on, easy off clamp
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Band Clamp
Woven strap with ratcheting apparatus to tighten banc around irregular or curved surface
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Jorgensen Clamp
- Aka Hand-screwed clamp
- Similar use as c-clamp, but wood of clamp does less damage to work
- Best in face-to-face joints
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Pipe clamp
- Adjustable jaws can be attached to any length of standard pipe
- Has more flexibility than standard bar clamp
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Bar Clamp
Designed to hold boards edge to edge
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Pneumatic Tools
- Tools driven by air pressure to save time and energy
- Pneumatic nailer for structural nails
- Pneumatic stapler for 3/8'' to 2'' staples
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Scribe
- Used for marking on metal
- Sharp point scratches line on surface
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Wood Scribe
Two points to etch in wood circles
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China marker (grease pencil)
Makes marks on metal or any other hard surface
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Compass
Used for marking circles and arcs on metal
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Inside Caliper
Used to measure and transfer interior dimensions
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Digital Calipers
- Highly accurate
- Can be metric or English measure
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Centering punch
Marks center of circle and provides a start hole for drilling in metal
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Nail set
Used to hammer last inch of nail into wood to not dent wood with hammer
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Metal straightedge
Calibrated for measurements as well as for drawing a straight line
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Anvil
Old-fashioned but still extremely useful tool for shaping metal on both curved and flat sides
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Machinist's vise
Steel jaws hold metal for filing or for bending strap iron
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Blacksmith's hammer
For shaping metal by hammering over surface of anvil
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Ball-peen hammer
For shaping metal over anvil
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Files
- Triangular file
- Bastard file
- Rasp file
- Can be flat, round, or triangular and can smooth a rough cut or round edge of metal
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Bastard file
Wide flat file
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Triangular file
- File for metal and wood
- Slight triangular shape to it
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Wood wrath
Large gauge, flat one side, ? moon the other side
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Mat knife
Keep blade sharp
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Dye in a dye
Used to make threads on a screw or around something
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Tap
Used to make threads inside something
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Sheet-metal roll
Sheet metal fed between three adjustable rollers to determine degree of curve
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Light-weight break
Hand or foot operated to cleanly bend sheet to prescribed angle
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Hossfeld bender
Used to bend many shapes of metal (pipe, tube, rod, bar, and angle)
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Pipe-Cutting, Threading, and Bending Tools
- Pipe Cutter
- Pipe Threader and Die Heads
- Pipe Vise
- Stillson wrench (Plumber's wrench)
- Pipe Blender
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Pipe Cutter
- Used to cut lengths of pipe to specific dimensions
- Cutter rotates around pipe for a clean cut
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Pipe threader and die heads
- Used to thread pipe
- Various dies for different sizes of pipe
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Pipe Vise
Holds pipe to allow for cutting or threading
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Stillson Wrench (Pipe Wrench)
- Used to grab and hold pipe for work purposes
- Grips in one direction
- Rounded head
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Monkey Wrench
Has square head, heavy
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T-wrench
Also called a coffin lock because that was its purpose
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Pipe Bender
Used to create curves in a pipe
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Metal Cutting Tools
- Hacksaw
- Metal Cutting Blade in Scroll Saw
- Porta-band
- Reciprocating saw (Sawzall)
- Bolt Cutters
- Tin Shears
- End-cutting Nipper
- Side Cutter
- Annuar Cutter
- Cutting disk
- Power Nible
- Power Shears
- Abrasive Wheel Cutoff Saw
- Oxyfuel Cutting Torch
- Horizontal Band Saw
- Cold Saw
- Plasma Cutter
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Hacksaw
- Used to cut into metal bolts or bars
- Has fine-toothed blade
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Metal Cutting Blade in Scroll Bar
- Used for small curves
- Removable blade allows for interior cuts
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Porta-band
Handheld unit used in situations where lack of space doesn't allow any other power saw
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Reciprocating Saw (Sawzall)
Handheld saw that makes rough cuts
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Bolt Cutters (aka master key)
Used for rough cutting of rod or strip stock
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Swedish key
Cable cutters (do not use on bolts)
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Nicopress
- Can adjust jaws
- Used to put on swags on cables and large rope
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Thimble
Hoop thing at end of cable or rope to make it last and stronger
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Tin Shears
Used for cutting sheet metal
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End-cutting nipper
Used most commonly for pulling staples and small nails
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Side Cutters
- Wire cutter
- Also good tool for removing plastic components from sprues (the passages through which metal is poured into a mold) or trimming tabs and vents from metal figures
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Annular Cutter
- Used for cutting accurate holes in thick material
- Note hallow center
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Cutting disk
Similar use to grinding wheel but much thinner disk (1/16'')
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Power Nible
Used for inside cutting of metal
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Power Shears
Handheld power saw for cutting straight or curved line
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Abrasive Wheel Cutoff Saw
Used for crosscutting pipe, tube, or any structural steel form
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Oxyfuel Cutting Torch
For rough cuts, but useful when cutting work can't be brought to the tool
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Horizontal Band Saw
- Used for crosscutting pipe, tube r any structural steel form
- More effective than abrasive cutoff saw for longer lengths of metal
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Cold Saw
- Stationary saw with an extremely hard blade, low rotational speed, and fluid coolant/ lubricant
- Used for extremely accurate miter cuts (including 90o)
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Plasma Cutter
- Used to cut all sizes of metal
- Similar to arc welder
- With jet of air, it melts the metal and blows the resulting puddle through the work
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Metal Joining Tools
- Sheet metal screws (TEK screws)
- Blind riveter (pop riveter)
- Rivet nut setter
- Rivets
- Soldering iron
- Soldering gun
- Propane torch
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Sheet metal screws (TEK screws)
- Used to join two metal pieces
- Some are self-threading
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Blind riveter (Pop riveter)
- Used when back of work is inaccessible
- This tool compresses the rivet with a squeeze or two of the handle
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Rivet nut setter
- Rivet is inserted from back through hole drilled through both pieces, with washer placed over shaft of rivet
- Shaft is preened or flattened by pressing handle
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Rivets
Metal bolt or pin having a head on one end, inserted through aligned holes in the pieces to be joined and then hammered on the plain end so as to form a second head
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Soldering iron
- Rod-shaped metal implement with a pointed or wedge-shaped tip
- Provides sufficient heat at the tip to melt the soldering along the joint of delicate work
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Soldering gun
Same as soldering iron, but useful for larger pieces
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Propane torch
- Supplies heat to large area of fitting
- When solder is applied, it is sucked into the joint
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Gas Welding Equipment
- Oxygen and acetylene tanks
- Regulators
- Welding/ brazing torch
- Rosebud tip
- Flint striker
- Welding gloves
- Tank wrench
- Goggles
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Oxygen and acetylene tanks
- Fuel tanks
- Shown on tank truck with chain to keep them upright and for ease with moving
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Regulators
Oxygen and acetylene regulators control the gas flow
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Welding/ brazing torch
Guides the gas flow exactly to the work
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Rosebud tip
Used for heating and bending
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Flint striker
Creates a spark to start torch
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Tank wrench
Used to open and close valves on the gas tanks
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Stick Welding Equipment
- Stick welder
- Welding rod
- Helmet
- Chipping hammer
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Stick welder
Common term for shielded metal arc welding (SMAW)
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Welding Rod
- Actually electrodes
- Rods are numbered in reference to material of electrode and tensile strength
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Chipping hammer
Used to chip off slag, the residue left after the metal work cools
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Gas Metal Arc Welding Equipment
- TIG welder
- Hand control
- Foot pedal
- MIG welder
- Spool gun
- Ground clamp
- Torch
- Gas flow meter
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TIG welder
GTAW (gas-tungsten arc welding)
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Hand control
Used to control amperage
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Foot pedal
Used to control amperage when both hands are needed elsewhere
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MIG welder
Metal inert gas welding
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Spool gun
Feeds the wire electrode
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Ground clamp
Allows work to be grounded
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Torch
- Portable apparatus that produces a very hot flame by the combustion of gases
- Used in welding and construction
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Gas flow meter
Provides the rate of the shielding gas being delivered to the MIG welding nozzle
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What is the most commonly used metal and why?
Mild Steel, because it is easily cut, drilled and welded, it is the least expensive and most readily available metal
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Ductility
Ease with which something bends
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Three Types of Metal Used
- Mild Steel
- Aluminum
- Stainless Steel
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Ways Metal can be formed
- Rolling--produce plate and sheet metal
- Extruding--squeezing molten metal through a shaped aperture to form a shape such as a rod or tube
- Casting--make liquid metal into block forms
- Drawing--putting metal through a small aperture to make wire
- Forging--stamping the metal into a prescribed shape
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9 shapes of metal from forming
- Plate--rolled steel no thinner than 1/8 inch
- Sheet--rolled steel no thicker than 1/8in
- Strip--rolled steel narrower than plate
- Strap--narrow strip
- Rod--solid round, square, and polygonal shapes
- Structural--shapes such as channel, angle and I-beam
- Tube--extruded round, square, and rectangular
- Pipe--round malleable iron
- Wire--drawn carbon steel, aluminum, or copper
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Brake Forming
The folding of plate or sheet metal
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Shearing
Cutting sheet metal in scissors-like tools
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Spinning
Placing sheet metal into a late like machine and rotating it while a blunt tool shapes the metal into bowl or bell shapes
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Rolling
Cold rolling sheet metal between large hardened steel cylinders into curved or cylindrical shapes
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Twisting
Twisting a square bar into a decorative shape or a wire into cable
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Punching
Making holes or a pattern through plate or sheet metal
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Welding
Joining metal to metal by fusing them together at a high temperature
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Brazing (or braze welding)
Joining metals at a lower temperature whereby only the filler metal (usually a brass alloy) is made molten
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Soldering
Joining sheet metal, tubing, or electrical parts with solder (usually a tin or lead alloy)
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Strap
Very thin strap is commonly used as a sill-iron
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Sill-iron
Horizontal strip holding the bottom of a doorframe in position
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Strip
Wide strap. Thick strip is sometimes cut and drilled for mending plates
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Angles
A good reinforcing shape for stiffening or bracing scenery, this useful cross section comes in many sizes. It is often used in stage machinery construction.
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Channel
Its U-shaped cross section makes it stronger though not as adaptable as an angle
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Tee
- Useful for stiffening
- When it is used horizontally in a framework, it is stronger than angle. The tee also serves as a guide for the arbor in a counterweight system
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I-beam
Best used as a beam where the top of the I carries the main thrust or weight
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Rod
A round solid, sometimes used as the internal member of a steel truss or is easily bent into decorative shapes for scenery or props
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Bar
A square solid, sometimes used as a spindle in a metal railing; bars can be bent and twisted into ornamental shapes found in wrought iron work
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Rectangular Tube
This offers a good clean shape for design and structural uses such as the frame of a flat that is covered with scrim or any sheer fabric
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Round Tube
- This is one of the many extruded forms of steel
- The larger tubes can become vertical support members, whereas smaller diameter tubes can be bent into decorative shapes
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Square tubes
- This popular shape can be cut and welded into structural or decorative forms
- It is the most commonly used shape overall
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Pipe
- With heavier side walls than tube has, malleable iron pipe can be threaded and joined with fittings
- Although the outside dimension (OD) remains the same, pipe is available in a variety of side-wall thickness
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Unistrut
- A specially formed channel-shaped steel
- Is used to create knockdown framing that is adaptable to platforming and trussing in the theatre
- It reduces the necessity of welding and cutting and is available in different forms
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Thin-wall Conduit (EMT)
- A type of galvanized-steel pipe
- Has become a very popular structural and decorative material in the theatre
- With walls too thin to thread but quite easy to bend, it has many uses in scenery construction
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Telspar
- Telescoping square tubes comes in three varieties
- * With solid sides
- * Punched with round holes
- * Punched with square holes
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Slotted Angle Iron
Designed to bolt together in a variety of ways, is also made in strap and channel shapes
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Upholster foot
Good for removing nails
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Awl
Used for puncturing wood or leather
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