A&PII Lab Final

Movement of air into and out of the lungs which results in an exchange of gasses in the  Also called ventilation and/or breathing.

Movement of oxygen from the lungs to the blood and carbon dioxide from the blood to the lungs. Movement into the blood is called "loading" and out of the blood is called "unloading" so the oxygen is loaded and the carbon dioxide is unloaded. Both gasses move via diffusion. Remember external respiration occurs in the lungs!

The circulatory system carries oxygen to the tissues of the body and carbon dioxide to the lungs for excretion

Movement of oxygen from the blood into the tissues and carbon dioxide from the tissue into the blood. Oxygen is unloaded and carbon dioxide is loaded.

Note the connection between the respiratory and circulatory system and that neither can do its job without the other

Nasal cavity, nostril, oral cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, carina of the trachea, left primary bronchus, right primary bronchus,

Superior lobe of the right lung, middle lobe of the right lung, inferior lobe of the right lung, superior lobe of the left lung, inferior lobe of the left lung

respiratory passageways which provide fairly rigid conduits for air to reach the gas exchange sites. Also cleanse, humidify, and warm incoming air. Air reaching the lungs has fewer irritants (dustuc, bacteria, etc.) than when it entered the body.

Actual site of gas exchange, composed of respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts and alveoli.

____- keeps food out of the respiratory pathways by covering the trachea and directing it toward the esophagus. Anything other than air entering the larynx initiates the cough reflex to expel the substance.

____- vibrates and produces sound/voice as air rushes up from the lungs (do not vibrate when whispering and do when yelling)

____- opens and closes during vibrations. Functions in speech development and pronunciation (vocal folds and glottis act in conjunction to give voice)

____lung has 3 lobes (Superior, Middle and Inferior)

___ lung has 2 lobes (Superior and Inferior) and a 1 indentation in the left lung that accomidates the heart cardiac notch.

_____- outer layer that covers the thoracic wall and superior face of the diaphragm.

_____- inner layer that covers the external lung surface dipping into and lining its fissures.

Systemic venous blood that is to be oxygenated in the lungs is delivered by the pulmonary ____, which lie anterior to the main bronchi. In the lungs, the pulmonary arteries branch profusely text annotation indicator along with the bronchi and finally feed into the pulmonary capillary network surrounding the alveoli. The pulmonary veins convey the ______ blood from the respiratory zone of the lungs to the heart.

_____: Bronchial arteries provide oxygenated systemic blood to lung tissue. Arteries arise from the aorta, enter the lungs at the hilum and then run along the branching bronchi.

_____ circulation allow diffusion of oxygen into the blood but does not nurish the lungs themselves. The tissues of the lungs are nourished via bronchial circualtion.

____- normal quiet breathing, about 500mL of air inhaled and exhaled with each breath under resting conditions.

______- Total amount of exchangeable air (4800 ml). Maximum amount of air that can be exhaled after a maximal inspiration. (sum of TV, IRV, and ERV)

_____- amount of air that can be expelled from the lungs after a normal tidal volume expiration (1200 ml)

____- amount of air that can be inspired forcibly beyond the tidal volume (3200 ml). Forced inspiration after normal inspiration.

____- Tidal volume multiplied by respirations per minute

_____- about 1200 ml of air that remains in the lungs which helps to keep the alveoli open and prevent lung collapse. Continuously refreshed with each breath.

____- The sum of all lung volumes

When a person inspires the diaphragm ____and the external intercostal muscles contract. This contraction ____the rib cage increasing the volume of the thoraxic cavity which decreases the pressure. Volume _____, pressure ____, the lungs inflate.

When a person expires the diaphragm ____ so lengthens, the external intercostal muscles relax and the rib cage ____decreasing volume. The decreased ____increases ____so and the lungs deflate. Volume decreases so pressure increases

____- Ppul-Pip

_____- pressure in the pleural cavity. Always about 4 mmHg less than Ppul (always negative relative to Ppul). Any condition that equalizes Pip with Ppul or Patm causes immediately lung collapse.)

_____- pressure in the alveoli. (always equalizes with Patm eventually)

____- - produced by air rushing through the large respiratory passageways (trachea and bronchi)

_____ - air filling the alveolar sacs and resembles the sound of a rustling or muffled breeze.