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Define Anatomy
- Structure
- The study of the body’s parts or the body’s structure
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Define Physiology
- Function
- The study of how the body parts work or how the body functions
- Structure determines function and function determines structure
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Describe the six levels of structural organization within the body
- Chemical level: Atoms bond together to form molecules. H²O (oxygen + hydrogen) makes up 60% of our body composition
- Cellular level: Molecules combine to form cells. Cells are the tiny motors that keep us running
- Tissue level: Cells that work together and perform the same function combine to form tissue.
- Organ level: A collection of various tissues combine to form organs. An organ performs a specialized physiological function
- System level: A group of specialized organs working together to achieve a specific function combine to form a system
- Organism level: All the systems of the body combined make up an organism or human being
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Define pH and describe the scale used for pH
- pH stands for Power of Hydrogen
- It is a numerical value that represents the acidity or alkalinity of a substance
- The more hydrogen (H+) the more acidic
- The more hydroxide (OH‐) the more alkaline
- A balance of H+ and OH‐ is neutral
- The scale for pH runs from 0 to 14, with 0 representing pure acid, 7 representing neutral and 14 representing pure alkalinity
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Scale of pH
- Keep in mind that the pH scale represents exponential differences
- Each pH unit represents a tenfold difference of the H+/OH‐ concentration
- That means a pH of 2 is not twice as acidic as a pH of 4, it is 100 times more acidic than a pH of 4
- A pH of 2 is 1,000 times more acidic than a pH of 5
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Describe the Anatomical position
- Face forward
- Look forward
- Arms hanging by your side
- Palms facing forward
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Define and apply the Directional terms for anatomy
- Superior: towards the head (head superior to shoulder)
- Inferior: towards the feet (feet inferior to knee)
- Proximal: near to point of attachment to body (elbow proximal to wrist)
- Distal: farther from point of attachment to body (hand is distal to elbow)
- Medial: toward the mid-line of body (navel is mid-line to shoulder joint)
- Lateral: outside or side of the body (lungs are lateral to the heart)
- Anterior: toward the front of the body/face side (collar bone anterior to shoulder blade)
- Posterior: toward the back of the body
- Ipsilateral: on the same side of the body (right hand + right foot)
- Contralateral: on the opposite side of the body (right hand + left foot)
- Superficial: toward or on the surface of the body
- Deep: away from the surface of the body
- Bilateral: relating to or having 2 sides
- Unilateral: occurring only on 1 side
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