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Database
A set of interrelated, centrally coordinated data files that are stored with as little data redundancy as possible
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Database Management System (DBMS)
Program that manages and controls the data and the interfaces between the data and the application programs that use the data stored in the database
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Database system
The database, the DBMS, and the application programs that access the database through the DBMS
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Database Administrator
The person responsible for coordinating, controlling, and managing the database
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Data warehouse
Very large database containing detailed and summarized data for a number of years that are used for analysis rather than transaction processing
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Business intelligence
Analyzing large amounts of data for strategic decision making
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Online analytical processing (OLAP)
Using queries to investigate hypothesized relationships among data
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Data mining
Using sophisticated statistical analysis to "discover" unhypothesized relationships in the data
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Record layout
Document that shows the items stored in a file, including the order and length of the data fields and the type of data stored
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Logical view
How people conceptually organize, view, and understand the relationships among data items
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Physical view
The way data are physically arranged and stored in the computer system
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Schema
A description of the data elements in a database, the relationships among them, and the logical model used to organize and describe the data
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Conceptual-level schema
The organization-wide view of the entire databse that lists all data elements and the relationships between them
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External-level schema
An individual user's view of portions of a database; also called a subschema
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Subschema
A subset of the schema; the way the user defines the data and the data relationships
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Internal-level schema
A low-level view of the entire database describing how the data are actually stored and accessed
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Data dictionary
Information about the structure of the database, including a description of each data element
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Data definition language (DDL)
DBMS language that builds the data dictionary, creates the database, describes logical views, and specifies record or field security constraints
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Data manipulation language (DML)
DBMS language that changes database content, including data element creations, updates, insertions, and deletions
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Data query language (DQL)
High-level, English-like, DBMS language that contains powerful, easy-to-use commands that enable users to retrieve, sort, order, and display data
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Report writer
DBMS language that simplifies report creation
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Data model
An abstract representation of database contents
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Relational data model
A two-dimensional table representation of data; each row represents a unique entity (record) and each column is a field where record attributes are stored.
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Tuple
A row in a table that contains data about a specific item in a database table
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Primary key
Database attribute, or combination of attributes, that uniquely identifies each row in a table
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Foreign key
An attribute in a table that is also a primary key in another table; used to link the two tables
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Update anomaly
Improper database organization where a non-primary key item is stored multiple times; updating the item in once location and not the others causes data inconsistencies
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Insert anomaly
Improper database organization that results in the inability to add records to a database
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Delete anomally
Improper organization of a database that results in the loss of all information about an entity when a row is deleted
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Relational database
A database built using the relational data model
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Entity integrity rule
A non-null primary key ensures that every row in a table represents something and that it can be identified
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Referential integrity rule
Foreign keys which link rows in one table to rows in another table must have values that correspond to the value of a primary key in another table
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Normalization
Following relational database creation rules to design a relational database that is free from delete, insert, and update anomalies
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Semantic data modeling
Using knowledge of business processes and information needs to create a diagram that shows what to include in a fully normalized database (in 3NF)
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