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What are three main functions of the digestive tract?
- -to break down food with enzymes
- -to remove waste from the body
- -to move food along with peristalsis
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Definition of homeostasis
a process that maintained the human body's internal environment with its external conditions
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What is the endocrine system responsible for?
communication by use of hormones
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where is vitamin K created in the body?
- intestinal tract
- - it contains bacteria that synthesizes the vitamin K to be used throughout the body
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what is the largest organ in the body?
the skin
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what is a histologist?
a person that studies tissues of the body
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erythropoiesis?
red blood cell formation
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 name the planes
- blue: transverse
- green: coronal
- red: medial
- yellow: sagittal
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list MAJOR ventral cavities (according to hesi book)
- -eye orbits and nose
- -oral cavity
- -thoracic
- -abdominopelvic
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what are the 4 fundamental types of tissues
- -epithelial
- -connective
- -muscle
- -nervous
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tissue type and purpose
- epithelial tissue
- -cover, line, and protect the body and its internal organs
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tissue type and purpose
- connective tissue
- -acts as the body's framework and provides support and structure for the organs
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tissue type and purpose
- voluntary and involuntary muscle tissue
- -lengthens to relax and shortens to contract to provide movement
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what kind of muscle is involuntary
smooth and cardiac muscle
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what kind of muscle is voluntary
skeletal muscles
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tissue type and purpose
- nervous tissue
- -tissue that makes up the nervous system (CNS and PNS)
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what is nervous tissue made up of?
neuroglia=neurons and connective tissue
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What do the CNS and PNS regulate?
- CNS-brain and spine
- PNS-regulates and controls body function and activities
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what are the basic units of life?
cells
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what material does a cell nucleus contain? function?
-DNA for genetic information
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what do proteins contain that regulate all chemical rxns in the body
enzymes
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what is this? function?
mitochondria: powerhouse of the cell (undergoes cellular respiration)
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function of cell vacuoles
to store nutrients or even waste products to keep the rest of the cell from getting contaminated
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function of lysosomes
they contain packages of degredative enzymes
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what do ribosomes contain? function?
-RNA and protein for protein synthesis
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endoplasmic reticulum and golgi apparatus function
helps with manufacturing and packaging
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purpose of Mitosis? how?
- -growth and repair
- -DNA is duplicated and distributed evenly to two daughter cells
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where does meiosis happen? how?
- -in gonads=ovaries and testes
- -reduces chromosome number from 46 to 23 in the zygote when the sperm and egg is fertilized
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what is the epidermis made of?
outermost layer made of keratinized epithelial cells (mostly dead)
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what is the dermis made up of
layer under the epidermis made up of connective tissue containing blood vessels, nerve endings, and skin structures
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name the layers of the epidermis from outer to inner
- stratum corneum
- stratum lucidum
- stratum granulosum
- stratum germinativum (made up of stratum basale and spinosum)
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where in the skin does mitosis occur?
stratum germinativum
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where in the skin is melanin held
epidermal cells
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what are the 2 types of sweat glands?
eccrine- the most widely distributed type. they regulate the body's temperature by releasing watery secretion that evaporates from the skin surface
apocrine- located mainly in groin and armpit area. they have a secretion that contains cytoplasm. the debris of the cell attracts bacteria that causes odors
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what are sebaceous glands
they release oily secretion (sebum) out of the hair follicles to keep the skin from drying out. the whole cell participates in this secretion (holocrine secretion). These glands are susceptible to becoming clogged with bacteria
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functions of the skeletal system (7)
movement, support, detoxification, protection of internal organs, blood cell formation (hemopoiesis), provision for muscle attachment, and mineral storage
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discuss the anatomy of a typical bone (long bone)
the ends have epiphysis at the ends made up of spongy (cancellous) bone
the middle has a shaft, or diaphysis made up of compact (bone)
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how is compact bone formed
cells called osteoblasts
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what is the axial skeleton
the skull, vertebral column, 12 pairs of ribs, and sternum
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how many bones are there in the skull
- 28
- 2 nasal bones
- 2 maxillary bones
- 2 zygomatic bones
- 1 mandible
- 2 palatine bones
- 1 vomer
- 2 lacrimal bones
- 2 inferior nasal conchae
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what are the bones of the cranium
occipital, frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid, 2 parietal, 2 temporal, and ear ossicles
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what make up the ear ossicles?
mallues, incus, and stapes
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what is it? name the parts?
- 1- stapes
- 2- incus
- 3-malleus
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name the sections of the vertebral column
- 7-cervical
- 12-thoracic
- 5-lumbar
- 5-sacral (fused together to make tailbone
- and coccygeal (tailbone)
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- thoracic vertebrae
- t1-t12
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sacral vertebrae (fused sacrum)
s1-s5
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appendicular skeleton
everything that includes the girdles (shoulders and hips) and the limbs
think upper and lower when separating the two
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what is the os coxae, or pelvic girdle made up of?
pubis, ischium, illium
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