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What 3 things is the Lymphatic System responsible for?
Fluid balance, absorption of fats, and Immunological defense.
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What is the function of the Lymphatic capillaries?
To transport Lymph from interstitial space to the blood.
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What is the major difference between blood capillaries and lymphatic capillaries?
Lymphatic capillaries are blind beginning.
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Large lymphatic vessels return lymph to blood via what blood vessels?
Right and Left Subclavian Veins
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Define Edema
Excess interstitial fluid
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What anatomical structures found in lymph capillaries help reduce edema?
Valves, and the high permeability of capillaries.
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What physiological aids help return the lymph to the blood?
Muscle pump, Lower pressure in thoracis region, and contraction of smooth muscle in lymph vessels called Peyers Patches.
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What is the function of MALT?
Filter lymph
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What are some functions of lymph nodes?
Produce and house lymphocytes, filter lymph via macrophages.
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List four functions of the Spleen.
Destroy old RBC's, Produce lymphocytes (WBC), filters blood, and sympathetic stimulation causes it to release blood to the circulation (Blood Reservoir).
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Can a person live without a Spleen?
Yes. Liver and other lymphatics will compensate.
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During what period of life is the Thymus Gland most important?
Youth. Produces lymphocytes to fight bacteria that is new to the developing immune system.
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What is the function of the Thymus Gland?
Produce lymphocytes
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Define Innate Immunity.
The body's own built in barrier, which recognizes and destroys foreign substances.
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Examples of Mechanical means of Innate Immunity.
Keratin of skin, Mucus, Urine flow, coughing and sneezing.
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Examples of chemical means of Innate Immunity.
Tears, Gastric Juice, Sebaceous Glands.
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Compare and contrast complement and interferon.
- Complement: Proteins activated by invaders
- Interferon: Proteins produced by cells infected.
- Complement: Cause inflammation, promote phagocytosis, and lyse bacteria.
- Interferon: Promotes anti-viral activity in nearby cells, thus protecting, but does not save infected cells.
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White Blood Cells and their functions.
- Neutrophils: First cells to enter infected tissue.
- Monocytes & Macrophages: Monocytes leave blood and become Macrophages, which are large phagocytic cells that produce complement and interferon.
- Basophils and Mast cells: Promote inflammation.
- Eosinophils: Contain and reduce inflammation
- Natural killer cells: Lyse tumors and virus infected cells
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Inflammatory Response
- Causes: Histamine, complement, certain prostoglandons (chemical mediators).
- Effects: Vasodilation (increase blood flow), Chemotaxis (attract WBC's to area, Increase vascular permeablilty (increase number of WBC's to damaged tissues.)
- Local Effects: Local inflammation, redness, swelling, pain, loss of func., confined to specific area.
- Systemic Effects: Systemic inflammation=Local symptoms plus fever, shock, could lead to death.
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What is the function of fever? What causes a fever?
- Function: Elevated temp. increases rate of chemical reaction.
- Causes: Pyrogens produced by foreign invaders, or WBC's.
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Define Adaptive Immunity
- Antibody-mediated immunity & Cell-mediated immunity.
- Remembers, recognizes, and improves immunity.
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Compare and Contrast Antigen and Antibody
- Antigen (Ag): Molecule capable of eliciting an antibody attack when foreign antigens are present. ie: bacteria, viruses, pollen, animal dander, food and drug allergen.
- Antibodies (Ab): Proteins produced by B lymphocytes in response to a specific foreign antigen, capable of binding antigen specifically. Binds to Ag in variable regions and activates compliment cascade (inflammation, chemotaxis, lysis) in constant regions.
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3 classes of Antibodies: Highest serum percentage to least.
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Where are antibodies most effective when attacking an antigen?
- Effectiveness of Ab: Attacks antigens in solution or on cell surfaces.
- (Bacteria/viruses that are not inside cells, such as toxins or
- parasites).
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5 Effects of Antibodies
- -Inactivates antigens
- -Bind antigens together
- -Activates complement cascade (lysis, chemotaxis, inflammation)
- -Stimulate release of inflammatory chemicals
- -Facilitate phagocytosis
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Describe Primary and Secondary responses
Through responses by Original B cell : lymphocytes responsible for Ab mediated immunity, Plasma Cells: Derived from B cells and produce the Ab, and Memory cells: Protect against next exposure to antigen.
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Define Cell-Mediated immunity, and what is it most effective against.
Specific defense provided directly by T-lymphocytes (T-cells).
Effective against: Intracellular viruses, bacteria, fungi, transplants, Cancer cells and tumors.
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Types of T-cells and their functions
- Cytotoxic T-cells: to recruit macrophages to lyse cells
- Memory T-cells: Prepare body for the next invasion.
- Helper T-cells: Stimulate both B and T cells.
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List the 4 types of Adaptive Immunity
- Active Natural Immunity: Ab made after natural exposure to antigen. ex: Chicken pox recovery } Own immune system
- Active Artificial Immunity: Ab are made after immunization with weakened antigen ex: Vaccine } Own immune system
- Passive Natural Immunity: Ab are received from mother in utero or via breast milk. } Ab transplanted into
- Passive Artificial Immunity: Ab from donors are injected against the antigen } Ab transplanted into
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Define Autoimmunity
Antibodies that are formed against ones own antigens. Ex: Rheumatoid Arthritis, MS, Lupus.
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