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degrees of freedom
- subtracting a number (usually 1 or 2) from a sample (N or n), a group (K), a row (R), a column (C), or other subset designation.
- N-1.
- free to vary.
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nonparametric
statistical procedures used with variables measured at the nominal or ordinal level -- “distribution-free”
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parametric
statistical procedures appropriate for variables measured at the interval or ratio level -- assume normality
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Chi-square statistic (crosstabs) (Contingency table)
- Extension of the goodness of fit test - can measure 2+ variables simultaneously;
- a measurement of observed versus expected frequencies and outcomes
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statistically significant
if the chi-square value equals or exceeds the value in the table based on df and probability, then the differences in observed frequencies are __________ at that alpha level
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t-test
- most elementary method of comparing two groups' mean scores
- variations include: testing independent groups, related groups, and cases in which the population mean is known/unknown
- assumes normal distribution and homogeneity of variance
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linear regression
numerical expressions of the degree to which two variables change in relation to each other
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Pearson r
- 1) An estimate of the strength of the relationship, as indicated by the number;
- 2) A statement about the direction of the relationship, as shown by the + or - sign;
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