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What is the etiology of tooth root abscesses in camelids?
- abrasions of oral mucosa and disruption of the periodontal membrane--> ascending infection
- often caused by rough or stemmy hay
- maybe premature breaking of deciduous cap?
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Which teeth preferentially get tooth root abscesses?
molars, where the grinding occurs
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What are clinical signs of tooth root abscesses? (7)
- swelling over mandible
- draining tract (if chronic)
- pain/ anorexia
- unilateral nasal d/c (if maxillary)
- altered mastication
- hypersalivation
- weight loss
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What are the surgical goals of treating a tooth root abscess? (3)
- remove nidus for infection (tooth, tooth root, sequestrum)
- debride dead or diseased bone
- provide drainage (pack with a tampon)
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What is the most common angular limb deformity of camelids?
carpal valgus
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What are treatment options for angular limb deformity?
- Conservative: do nothing, splints
- Surgical: transphyseal bridging, periostal stripping, corrective osteotomy
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What is the most common technique to surgically correct angular limb deformity in crias? How is it achieved?
- transphyseal bridging
- bridge physis on convex side to slow growth on that side (screws placed in epiphysis and metaphysis then wire bridging)
- MUST REMOVE WHEN LEG IS STRAIGHT
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At what age do you perform transphyseal bridging?
- old enough that the bone will hold the screws (2 weeks)
- young enough that growth plates are still open
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What is the mechanism of periosteal stripping?
remove the restraint of the periosteum on that concave side of the bone, to allow it to grow faster
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Why are camelids semi-obligate nasal breathers?
naturally elongated soft palate
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What are clinical signs of choanal atresia, and how is it diagnosed?
- open mouth breathing, respiratory distress
- Dx by nasal catheterization and radiography
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What are treatment options for choanal atresia?
- euthanasia
- surgery: only for MEMBRANOUS atresia, these animals should not be bred [trephine through nasal bones dorsal to choanae, open choanae blunting, dilate or place catheter for healing, periodic balloon dilation for a month]
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Describe the surgical correction of a cleft palate.
- tracheostomy
- dorsal recumbency
- mandibular symphysotomy
- free up excessive palatal tissues BUT preserve palatal arteries
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What are complicating factors of surgical repair of cleft palate?
- tissue availability- tension on closure, blood supply to tissues
- abrasive action of tongue on closure
- contaminated environment (mouth is not sterile!)
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What are indications for a C1 "rumenotomy"? (4)
- ingestion of toxic plants
- grain overload/ C1 acidosis
- trichobezoars
- C1 cannulation
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How do you approach for a C1 rumenotomy?
left flank/ paralumbar fossa
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What are electrolyte abnormalities common with GI obstruction?
- hypochloremia
- hypokalemia
- alkalosis
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