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What other term is used for GI tract?
Function?
- Alimentary canal
- Digest and absorbs food, opens at both ends.
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What is purpose of accessory digestive organs?
- Assist in digestion secrete chem.s or mechanically breakdown particles.
- Teeth, tongue, gallbladder, pancrease, liver, salivary glands
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What is the intake of food into the mouth?
Ingestion
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What is the movement of particles through the alimentary canal, through peristalsis?
Propulsion
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What is chewing and mixing food for chemical breakdown and segmentation(rhythmic local constrictions in the stomach)?
Mechanical digestion
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What iscatabolation of particles into chemcial building blocks, accomphished by enzymes?
Chem. Gigestion
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What is the passage of products from the GI lumen to the blood and lymph, through active and passive transport.
Absorbtion
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What is defication?
Elimination of indigestible products
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Segmentation results in movement of food in __ direction(s), mixing the food more effectively, as segments are alternaion empty and full
Two
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Regulation of digestion, provoked by ____ and ____ stimuli
-activates or inhibits glands and hormones
-Stretching of organs, changes is osmolarity and pH, presence of substrate, presence of end product of digestion
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Regulation of Digestion controlled by __ and ___ factors
-Intrinsic: nerve plexus and hormones
--Short reflex: local control of enteric plexus (gut brain)
--Long reflex: uses the CNS and autonomic nerves
--Hormones from cells in the stomach and small intestines
extrinsic and intrinsic
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_____ is a double layer of peritoneum
-Routes for blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves
-Holds organs in place and stores fat
Mesentery
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Mesentery is a double layer of peritoneum
-____for blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves
-Holds organs in place and stores ___
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___ organs lie posterior to the peritoneum
Retroperitoneal
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_____ (peritoneal) organs are surrounded by the peritoneum
Intraperitoneal
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Termed ___circulation, these are the arteries that branch off the dorsal aorta and are part of the Hepatic Portal System
Splanchnic
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Vessels collect nutrients for distribution throughout the body; ____during digestion
vasodialate
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Takes blood first to the ___for processing
liver
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4 tunic of the alimentary canal
- Mucosa-secret,absorb, protect
- Submocosa-coonective tissue with vessels
- Muscularis externa- segmentation and peristalsis
- Serosa-viseral perioneum
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Muscularis mucosae: smooth muscle that produces ____movements of mucosa
local
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___: regulate digestive activity with-in the gut; it is local rather than systemic.
-Linked to the ____nervous system by reflex arcs
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Forms two intrinsic nerve plexus
-___: regulates glands and smooth muscle of the tunic
-___: control GI tract motility (i.e., segmentation and peristalsis)
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Mouth lined with ________ epithelium
Stratified Squamous
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_____: median attachment of each lip to the gum
Labial frenulum
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____: recess internal to lips and cheeks, external to teeth and gums
Vestibule
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Hard palate: palatine bones and palatine processes of the maxillae
-Slightly corrugated to help create against the tongue
friction
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Soft palate: fold formed mostly of skeletal muscle
-Closes off the nasopharynx during ___
-Uvula projects downward from its free edge
swallowing
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-Intrinsic muscles change the ____ of the tongue
-____muscles alter the tongue’s position
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____: attachment to the floor of the mouth
Lingual frenulum
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1.___—whitish, give the tongue roughness and provide friction
2.___—reddish, scattered over the tongue , house taste buds
3.Circumvallate (vallate)—V-shaped row in back of tongue, house taste buds
4.Foliate—on the lateral aspects of the posterior tongue, house taste buds used in infancy and early childhood
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1.Filiform—whitish, give the tongue roughness and provide friction
2.Fungiform—reddish, scattered over the tongue , house taste buds
3.___(vallate)—V-shaped row in back of tongue, house taste buds
4.___—on the lateral aspects of the posterior tongue, house taste buds used in infancy and early childhood
Circumvallate
Foliate
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___ salivary glands
-parotid, submandibular, and sublingual
___ (buccal) salivary glands
-scattered in the oral mucosa
Extrinsic
Intrinsic
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Saliva
-__ the mouth
-aids in ___ formation
-enzymes breakdown ___.
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Milk (deciduous, __) and Permanent (__)
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Tooth chisel shaped for cutting
Incisors
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Fanglike for tearing teeth
Canines
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____:decay by bacterial action
____: Plaque buildup causing infection in surrounding tissues
---Destroys periodontal ligament
- Dental caries (cavities)
- Periodontal disease
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Stomach sphincters
Top:
Bottom:
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____ to allow expansion
Rugae
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-Mucous neck cells: Acidic mucous
-____ cells: HCl and intrinsic factor (for B12 absorbtion in SI)
-____ cells: Pepsin (protein digestion)
-Enteroendocrine cells: Hormones to regulate digestion
Parietal (oxynetic)
Chief (zygomatic)
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-Mucous neck cells: Acidic mucous
-Parietal (oxynetic) cells: HCl and intrinsic factor (for B12 absorbtion in SI)
-Chief (zygomatic) cells: Pepsin (protein digestion)
-____cells: Hormones to regulate digestion
Enteroendocrine
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Oblique musculature allows food to by churned while _____.
being moved
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Stimulatory and inhibitory events occur in three phases:
1.___(reflex) phase: few minutes prior to food entry
2.Gastric phase: 3–4 hours after food enters the stomach
3.___ phase: brief stimulatory effect as partially digested food enters the duodenum, followed by inhibitory effects (enterogastric reflex and enterogastrones)
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____: The enzymatic breakdown of food molecules, as there is the addition of water in breaking the molecular bonds
Hydrolysis
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Carbohydrates
nAbsorbed in the form of ____.
n
nBegins with salivary amylase, continues with ____.
n
nSpecific enzymes for sugars, ending with –ase ending: Lactose = Lactase, Maltose = Maltase
- monosaccarides
- pancreatic amylase
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Proteins
nAbsorbed as amino acid ____>
n
nBegins with conversion of pepsinogen to pepsin in stomach
n
______ splits carboxyl group
_____ splits amino group
- monomers
- nCarboxypeptidase
- nAminopeptidase
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____: Couple with Bile Salts (lecithin) to form micelles (phospolipid bilayer). Enter the lacteals of the lymphatic system to enter the blood
Lipids
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